Body

¹ Thomas A. Dickerson is a Westchester County Court Judge, New York, Web Page at http://members.aol.com/judgetad/index.html. Judge Dickerson is the author of Travel Law, Law Journal Press, New York, 1981-2000, updated biannually, Web Page at http://

members.aol.com/travellaw/index.html; Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press, New York, 1988-2000, updated annually, Web Page at http://members.aol.com/class50/index.html;

and over 170 consumer law articles, many of which are available at http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv.html.

² Travel Law, Law Journal Press, New York, 1981-2000, updated biannually, Web Page http://members.aol.com/travellaw/index.html

³ See http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv.html

⁴ Gradagno v. Diamond Tours & Travel, Inc., 89 Misc. 2d 697, 392 N.Y.S. 2d 783 ( 1976 )( class certification granted ); New York Law Journal, May 13, 1977, p. 1 ( partial summary judgment for class ).

⁵ See Irving Trust Company v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 95 F.R.D. 51 ( S.D.N.Y. 1982 )( class of 2,000 travelers

certified ); 562 F. Supp. 960 ( S.D.N.Y. 1982 )( common law disclaimers void ); Reiken v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 75 A.D. 2d 551, 427 N.Y.S. 2d 235 ( 1980 ), appeal dismissed 50 N.Y. 2d 1059 ( 1980 )( pre class certification discovery ).

⁶ See Greeley v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 85 F.R.D. 697

( S.D.N.Y. 1980 )( certification denied ).

⁷ See Spatz v. Wide World Travel Services, Inc., 80 A.D. 2d 591, 435 N.Y.S. 2d 605 ( 1981 )( misrepresented hotel facilities ); Smith v. Atlas International Tours, 80 A.D. 2d 762, 436 N.Y.S. 2d 722 ( 1981 )( misrepresentations regarding " major renovations " at hotel ).

⁸ See Neilan v. Value Vacations, Inc., 605 F. Supp. 1227

( S.D.N.Y. 1985 )( class of 8,000 travelers certified ); 116

F.R.D. 431 ( S.D.N.Y. 1987 )( partial summary judgment against escrow bank for mismanagement ); In Re Arrow Air, Inc., 85 Bankr. Rep. 886 ( S.D. Fla. 1988 )( global settlement approved ); McCafferty v. Lindblad Travel, Inc., 90 Civ. 1946 (PNL) January 19, 1994 ( " The complaint alleges...that Lindblad negligently continued to accept client money when unable to deliver the travel arrangements being purchased, negligently misrepresented the firm's finances..." ).

⁹ See Sachs v. Book-of-the-Month Club, Inc., Index No. 00140/91

( N.Y. Sup. 1991 )( tour of historic sites sponsored by book club not delivered ).

¹⁰ See Kantor v. Kahn, 463 F. Supp. 1160 ( S.D.N.Y. 1979 ); Luria v. Aeronautics Board, 473 F. Supp. 242 ( S.D.N.Y. 1979 ).

¹¹ See Yollin v. Holland America Cruises, Inc., 97 A.D. 2d 720, 468 N.Y.S. 2d 873 ( 1980 )( cruise contract time limits for filing claims tolled by commencement of class action ).

¹² 9. See Klakis v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 73 A.D. 2d 521, 422 N.Y.S. 2d 407 ( 1979 )( flight delay of 2 ½ days ); Sporn v. Metro International Airways, Inc., 17 CCH Aviation Cases 18,207

( N.Y. Sup. 1983 )( 3 hour flight delay ).

¹³ See Geelan v. Pan American World Airways, Inc., 15 CCH Aviation Cases 18,356 ( N.Y. Sup. 1980 ), aff'd 83 A.D. 2d 538, 441 N.Y.S. 2d 474 ( 1981 )( class of 2,000 stranded consumers certified ).

¹⁴ See In re Rail Collision Near Chase, Maryland on January 4, 1987 Litigation, 661 F. Supp. 69 ( J.M.D.L. 1987 ).

¹⁵ See Shomberg v. Club Med, Inc., New York Law Journal, June 1, 1978, p. 10, col. 2 ( N.Y. Sup. 1978 )( bus crash at Club Med; certification denied ).

¹⁶ See Dorin v. Club Med Inc., Index No: 4777/82 ( N.Y. Sup. 1982 )( traveler contracts typhoid fever while at Club Med resort in Haiti ).

¹⁷ See Vanover v. Skystar International, 86 Civ. 1168

( S.D.N.Y. 1986 )( 3 hour delay during which passengers subjected to 120 degree temperatures inside plane and not permitted to disembark ).

¹⁸ See MacLachlin v. Marriott Corp., New York Law Journal, January 18, 1994, p. 29, col. 1 ( N.Y. Sup. )( tourist suffers eight broken ribs and fractured pelvis after being thrown from camel on tour to the pyramids in Egypt; motion to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens denied; choice of law issues ).

¹⁹ See Valad v. Club Mediterranee, S.A., 84 CIV. 1980 (LBS)

(S.D.N.Y.)( Club Med guest thrown from horse; failure to give proper horse riding instructions ).

²⁰ See Mayer v. Cornell University, 909 F. Supp. 81 ( N.D.N.Y. 1995 ), aff'd 107 F. 3d 3 ( 2d Cir. 1997 ), cert. denied 118 S. Ct. 68 ( 1997 )( bird watcher drowns during snorkeling expedition; judgment for defendants ).

²¹ See Pollock v. Hyatt Hotels of Puerto Rico, 85 CIV. 5564 (EW)( S.D.N.Y. ).

²² See Smith v. Atlas International Tours, 80 A.D. 2d 762, 436 N.Y.S. 2d 722 ( 1981 ).

²³ See Hirstreet v. Rozelle, 16 CCH Aviation Cases 18,259 ( N.Y. Sup. 1978 ).

²⁴ See Marcus v. Zenith Travel, Inc., New York Law Journal, November 19, 1990, p. 25, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. 1990 ), aff'd 179 A.D. 2d 372, 577 N.Y.S. 2d 820 ( 1991 ).

²⁵ See In Re Domestic Air Transportation Antitrust Litigation, 137 F.R.D. 677 ( N.D. Ga. 1991 ( 9 domestic airlines fix prices of air transportation between city pairs by signaling price changes on computer reservations system; class certification granted ); 144 F.R.D. 421 ( N.D. Ga. 1992 )( objectors to proposed settlement granted limited discovery ); 148 F.R.D. 297

( N.D. Ga. 1993 )( settlement approved ).

²⁶ Dickerson, Travel Law, Law Journal Press, New York, 1981- 2000, Web Page http://members.aol.com/travellaw/index.html

²⁷ See http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv/legalart.html

²⁸ See http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv/tadarttt.html

²⁹ See http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv.html

³⁰ See http://www.unn.ac.uk/academic/ss/law/lsu/tlcweb.htm

³¹ See http://www.nova.edu

³² See http://www.tay.ac.uk/iftta

³³ 31. Udell v. Hamburg-American Line, 141 Misc. 754, 253 N.Y.S. 209, aff'd 255 N.Y.S. 1011 ( 1931 )( liability of steamship company for loss of passenger's fur coat is that of an

innkeeper ).

Contra:

Second Circuit: York v. Commodore Cruise Line, 1994 WL 511581

( S.D.N.Y. 1994 )( passenger sexually assaulted by crew members; cruise ships are not floating hotels; no negligence for doors having locks with easy access from outside; policy of rescuing passengers outweighs increased security ).

³⁴ Navin, Stalking Sexual Predators a Sea: The response of the cruise industry to sexual assaults onboard, 1999 International Travel Law Journal, at p. 193.

³⁵ Bergonzine v. Maui Classic Charters, 1995 American Maritime Cases 2628 ( D. Hawaii. 1995 ).

³⁶ Rainey v. Paquet Cruises, Inc., 709 F. 2d 169 ( 2d Cir.

1983 ).

³⁷ Lee v. Regal Cruises, Ltd., 1999 WL 87466 ( S.D.N.Y. 1996 ).

³⁸ Kunken v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1999 WL 1140868 ( S.D.N.Y.

1999 ).

³⁹ Carron v. Holland America Line-Westours, Inc., 51 F. Supp. 2d 322 ( E.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

⁴⁰ Brown v. New Commodore Cruise Line Limited, 2000 WL 45443

( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

⁴¹ McDonough v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1999 WL 680453

( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

⁴² Catalan v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 1985 American Maritime Cases 1929 ( D. Md. 1984 ).

⁴³ Fay v. Oceanic Sun Line, 1985 American Maritime Cases 1132

( N.Y. Sup. 1984 ).

⁴⁴ Berman v. Royal Cruise Line, Ltd., 1995 American Maritime Cases 1926 ( Cal. Sup. 1995 ).

⁴⁵ In re Horizon Cruises Litigation, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7246 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

⁴⁶ Freeman v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1994 WL 689809 ( S.D.N.Y. 1994 ).

⁴⁷ Petitt v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9403 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

⁴⁸ Mullen v. Treasure Chest Casino. LLC, 186 F. 3d 620 ( 5th Cir. 1999 ).

⁴⁹ See N. 32, supra, at pp. 196-197 [ Carnival Cruise Line admitted in Jane Doe v. Carnival Corporation, Case No. 98-21008 CA, Miami-Dade Circuit Court," reported incidents, twenty-two were alleged rapes, sixteen against passengers. Twenty- eight...were described only as a kiss, with the remainder consisting of minor advances...those who complained 93 were passengers and 15 crew members " ].

⁵⁰ Morton v. De Oliviera, 984 F. 2d 289 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ).

⁵¹ John v. Commodore Cruise Lines Ltd., 1995 WL 441982

( S.D.N.Y. 1995 ).

⁵² York v. Commodore Cruise Lines, 1995 American Maritime Cases 399 ( S.D.N.Y. 1994 ).

⁵³ Corna v. American Hawaii Cruises, Inc., 1992 American Maritime Cases 1797 ( D. Hawaii 1992 ).

⁵⁴ Colavito v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 1983 American Maritime Cases 1378 ( S.D. Tex. 1981 ).

⁵⁵ Johnson v. Commodore Cruise Lines, 1996 American Maritime Cases 666 ( S.D.N.Y. 1995 ).

⁵⁶ Gillmore v. Caribbean Cruise Line, 789 F. Supp. 488 ( D.P.R. 1992 ).

⁵⁷ Hernandez v. The Motor Vessel Skyward, 61 F.R.D. 558 ( S.D. Fla. 1973 ), aff'd 502 F. 2d 1278 ( 5th Cir. 1975 ).

⁵⁸ Barbachym v. Costa Line, 713 F. 2d 216 ( 6th Cir. 1983 ).

⁵⁹ Williams v. Carnival Cruise Line, 907 F. Supp. 403 ( S.D. Fla. 1995 ).

⁶⁰ Bailey v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 1985 American Maritime Cases 836 ( Fla. App. 1984 ).

⁶¹ Warren v. Ajax Navigation Corp., 1995 American Maritime Cases 2609 ( S.D. Fla. 1995 ).

⁶² Kornberg v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 741 F. 2d 1332 ( 11th Cir. 1984 ).

⁶³ Slade v. Cheung & Risser Enterprises, Inc., 10 Pa. D. & C. 3d 627 ( Pa. C. P. 1979 ).

⁶⁴ Harden v. American Airlines, 1998 WL 260251 ( M.D. Ala.

1998 ).

See also:

Second Circuit: Bernstein v. Cunard Line. Ltd., 19 CCH Aviation Cases 17,485 ( S.D.N.Y. 1985 )( snowstorm delays air transportation to port of cruise departure ).

⁶⁵ Mainzer v. Royal Olympic Cruises, Ltd, 177 Misc. 2d 553, 677 N.Y.S. 2d 668 ( 1998 ).

See also:

Second Circuit: Ames v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1998 WL 427694 ( S.D.N.Y. 1998 )( one piece of baggage missing for most of cruise ).

Seventh Circuit: Cada v. Costa Lines, Inc., 1984 American Maritime Cases 1491 ( N.D. Ill. 1984 )( baggage destroyed during fire on cruise vessel ).

⁶⁶ Casper v. Cunard Line, Ltd., 560 F. Supp. 240 ( E.D. Pa.

1983 ).

See also:

Second Circuit: Desmond v. Holland American Cruises, N.V., 1981 American Maritime Cases 211 ( S.D.N.Y. 1981 ).

Fourth Circuit: Whitman v. Traveltips, Inc., 1982 American Maritime Cases 429 ( W.D. Va. 1981 ).

State Courts:

New York: Yollin v. Holland American Cruises, Inc., 97 A.D. 2d 729, 468 N.Y.S. 2d 873 ( 1983 )( Bermuda skipped ).

⁶⁷ Bloom v. Cunard Line, Ltd., 76 A.D. 2d 237, 430 N.Y.S. 2d 607 ( 1980 ).

⁶⁸ Boyles v. Cunard Line Ltd., 1994 American Maritime Cases 1631 ( S.D.N.Y. 1994 ).

⁶⁹ Vallery v. Bermuda Star Line, 141 Misc. 2d 395, 532 N.Y.S. 2d 965 ( N.Y. Sup. 1988 ).

See also:

Second Circuit: Ames v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1998 WL 427694 ( S.D.N.Y. 1998 )( passengers induced to buy Deluxe Suite when only Standard Cabins were available ).

⁷⁰ Gelfand v. Action Travel Center, Inc., 55 Ohio App. 3d 193, 563 N .E. 2d 317 ( 1988 ).

⁷¹ Bergonzine v. Maui Classic Charters, 1995 American Maritime Cases 2628 ( D. Hawaii 1995 ).

⁷² Deck v. American Hawaii Cruises, Inc., 51 F. Supp. 2d 1057

( D. Hawaii. 1999 ).

⁷³ Briefer v. Carnival Corp., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21256 ( D. Az. 1999 ).

⁷⁴ Charleston-Coad v. Cunard Line Ltd., Index No. 95 Civ. 1325 (HB)(S.D.N.Y.).

⁷⁵ Simon v. Cunard Line, Ltd., 75 A.D. 2d 283, 428 N.Y.S. 2d 952 ( 1980 ).

⁷⁶ Latman v. Costa Cruise Lines, 2000 Fla. App. LEXIS 915 ( Fla. App. 2000 ).

⁷⁷ Renaissance Cruises, Inc. v. Glassman, 738 So. 2d 436 ( Fla. App. 1999 ).

⁷⁸ Premier Cruise Lines, Ltd. V. Picaut, 746 So. 2d 1132 ( Fla. App. 1999 ).

⁷⁹ Cronin v. Cunard Line Limited, Index No. 115899/96, Decision March 29, 1997 ( N.Y. Sup. )( complaint dismissed for failing to commence lawsuit within 6 month time limitation in cruise contract ), aff'd 672 N.Y.S. 2d 864 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1998 ).

See also:

Florida: Koenig v. Ulysses Cruises, Inc., Case No. 96-3450- CA-03, Decision March 8, 1999 ( Fla. Cir. Ct., 11th Circuit, Dade County )( class certification denied in deceptive port charges class action ).

Washington: Picket v. Holland America Line-Westours, Inc., No. 39791-51, Decision February 20, 1997 ( Wash. App. )( class action alleging port charges are deceptive and violate Washington consumer protection statute not governed by maritime law and not time barred ).

⁸⁰ Wade, Practical Traveler, Coping With Canceled Flights, N.Y. Times Travel Section, June 25, 2000, p. 4.

⁸¹ Obuzor v. Sabena Belgian World Airlines, 1999 WL 223162

( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

⁸² Pakistan Arts v. Pakistan International Airlines, 232 A.D. 2d 29, 660 N.Y.S. 2d 741 ( 1997 ).

⁸³ In Re Arrow Air, Inc., 85 Bankr. 886 ( Bankr. S.D. Fla.

1988 ).

⁸⁴ Daniel v. Virgin Atlantic Limited, 59 F. Supp. 2d 986 ( N.D. Cal. 1998 ).

⁸⁵ Arkin v. Trans International Airlines, 20 CCH Aviation Cases 17,835 ( 2d Cir. 1987 ).

⁸⁶ Burke v. Air France, 21 CCH Aviation Cases 18,170 ( D.P.R.

1988 ).

⁸⁷ In re Eastern Airlines, Inc. Engine Failure in Miami International Airport on May 5, 1983, 629 F. Supp. 307 ( S.D. Fla. 1986 ).

⁸⁸ DeVera v. Japan Airlines, 24 CCH Aviation Cases 18,317

( S.D.N.Y. 1994 ).

⁸⁹ Johnson v. Northwest Orient Airlines, 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,220 ( Mont. Sup. 1982 ).

⁹⁰ Klakis v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 73 A.D. 2d 521, 422 N.Y.S. 2d 407 ( 1979 ).

⁹¹ Robinson v. American Airlines, New York Law Journal, June 19, 1995, p. 33, col. 5 ( White Plains City Ct. 1995 ).

⁹² Prechtl v. Travel House of Garden City, 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,182 ( N.Y. Civ. 1980 ), mod'd 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,183

( N.Y. App. Term. 1981 ).

⁹³ Shah v. Pan American World Services, Inc., 148 F. 3d 84 ( 2d Cir. 1998 ).

⁹⁴ In re Air Disaster at Lockerbie, 24 CCH Aviation Cases 18,252 ( 2d Cir. 1994 ).

⁹⁵ In re Flight Explosion on TQA Aircraft, 23 CCH Aviation Cases 18,048 ( E.D.N.Y. 1991 ).

⁹⁶ Mohideen v. American Airlines, Inc., 27 CCH Aviation Cases 17,242 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

⁹⁷ Bayne v. Adventure Tours USA, 24 CCH Aviation Cases 18,004

( N.D. Tex. 1994 ).

⁹⁸ Curley v. AMR Corp., 846 F. Supp. 280 ( S.D.N.Y. 1994 ), aff'd 153 F. 3d 5 ( 2d Cir. 1997 ).

⁹⁹ Rombom v. United Air Lines, 867 F. Supp. 214 ( S.D.N.Y.

1994 ).

¹⁰⁰ Uwagbai v. Alitalia Airlines, 24 CCH Aviation Cases 17,811

( D. Mass. 1994 ).

¹⁰¹ Singh v. Tarom Romanian Air Transport, 88 F. Supp. 2d 62

( E.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

¹⁰² Donkor v. British Airways, Corp., 62 F. Supp. 2d 963

( E.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

¹⁰³ Macintosh v. Interface Group, 1999 Mass. Super. LEXIS 3

( Mass. Super. 1999 ).

¹⁰⁴ Newman v. American Airlines, Inc., 1999 WL 261560 ( 9^th Cir. 1999 ).

¹⁰⁵ Brandt v. American Airlines, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3164 ( N.D. Cal. 2000 ).

¹⁰⁶ Rivera v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 26 CCH Aviation Cases 15,129 ( E.D. Pa. 1997 ).

¹⁰⁷ Chukwu v. British Airways, 1995 WL 379405 ( D. Mass. 1995 ).

¹⁰⁸ Glavey v. Aer Lingus, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10498 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

¹⁰⁹ Lathigra v. British Airways, 41 F. 3d 535 ( 9th Cir. 1994 ).

¹¹⁰ El-Menshawy v. Egypt Air, 276 N.J. Super. 121, 647 A. 2d 49

( 1994 ).

¹¹¹ Burnap v. Tribeca Travel, 21 CCH Aviation Cases 17,321

( N.Y. Civ. 1988 ).

¹¹² Mohideen v. American Airlines, Inc., 27 CCH Aviation Cases 17,242 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

¹¹³ Owolabi v. Air France, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3208 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

¹¹⁴ Quinn v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12907 ( N.D. Ill. 1999 ).

¹¹⁵ Pearson v. Lake Forest Country Day School, 262 Ill. App. 3d 228, 199 Ill. Dec. 324, 633 N.E. 2d 1315 ( 1994 ).

¹¹⁶ Minhas v. Biman Bangladesh Airlines, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9849 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

¹¹⁷ Lopez v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 677 F. Supp. 181 ( S.D.N.Y. 1988 ).

¹¹⁸ Guerrero v. American Airlines, Inc., 26 CCH Aviation Cases 15,624 ( S.D.N.Y. 1998 ).

¹¹⁹ Hermano v. United Airlines, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19808

( N.D. Cal. 1999 ).

¹²⁰ Huggar v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1026

( N.D. Ill. 1999 ).

¹²¹ Schaeffer v. Cavallero, 54 F. Supp. 2d 350 ( S.D.N.Y.

1999 ).

¹²² Rombom v. United Air Lines, Inc., 867 F. Supp. 214

( S.D.N.Y. 1994 ).

¹²³ Owolabi v. Air France, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3208 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

¹²⁴ Shupe v. American Airlines, Inc., 24 CCH Aviation Cases 18,391 ( Tex. App. 1995 ).

¹²⁵ Lewis v. Continental Airlines, Inc., 40 F. Supp. 2d 406

( S.D. Tex. 1999 ).

¹²⁶ Siben v. American Airlines, Inc., 913 F. Supp. 271

( S.D.N.Y. 1996 ).

¹²⁷ Carro v. Parente World Travel Center, 23 CCH Aviation Cases 18,345 ( N.D. Ohio 1991 ).

¹²⁸ Jamil v. Kuwait Airways Corp., 772 F. Supp. 482 ( D.D.C. ).

¹²⁹ Daniel v. Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited, 59 F. Supp. 2d 986 ( N.D. Cal. 1998 ).

¹³⁰ Ragonese v. Rosenfeld, 318 N.J. Super. 63, 722 A. 2d 991

( 1998 ).

¹³¹ Romero v. American Airlines, Inc., 194 F. 3d 288 ( 1^st Cir. 1999 ).

¹³² Peralta v. Continental Airlines, Inc., 1999 WL 193393 ( N.D. Cal. 1999 ).

¹³³ See Consumer Alert, Conde Nast Traveler, March 2000, p. 94

[ " Ombudsman is getting more and more letters from frustrated readers who were enticed into a ' travel deal ' on the Web and then left empty handed because their tickets never arrived or the company they had paid disappeared without a trace " ]; Hidden Fees Take Bite Out of Online Savings, Consumer Reports Travel Letter, February 2000, p. l [ " Found a cheap ticket online? Beware of hidden fees that could take a bite out of those savings. Service fees for processing bookings, delivering tickets, and making changes are driving up the cost of booking airline tickets online...Our research found that fees can add as much as 85 percent to the ' advertised price '. And they're hard to avoid because online discounters don't always disclose–or plainly display–these charges on their web sites " ].

See also: Dickerson, The Internet, The " Solicitation Plus " Doctrine And Jurisdiction Over Foreign Hotel and Other Travel Suppliers, International Travel Law Journal, 1999; Web Site

[ http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv/TLJInterentArticle99.htm ]

¹³⁴ Slade v. Cheung and Risser Enterprises, Inc., 10 Pa. D. & C. 3d 627 ( Pa. C.P. 1979 ).

¹³⁵ Reservations Desk v. ALIA, 21 CCH Aviation Cases 17,529

( N.D. Tex. 1988 ).

¹³⁶ Carro v. Parente World Travel Center, 23 CCH Aviation Cases 18,345 ( N.D. Ohio 1991 ).

¹³⁷ Lathigra v. British Airways, 23 CCH Aviation Cases 18,284

( W.D. Wash. 1994 ).

¹³⁸ Rosen v. DePorter-Butterworth Tours, Inc., 62 Ill. App. 3d 762, 379 N.E. 2d 407 ( 1978 ).

¹³⁹ Van Rossem v. Penney Travel Service, Inc., 128 Misc. 2d 50, 488 N.Y.S. 2d 595 ( 1985 ).

¹⁴⁰ Zobler v. Windward Travel Center, 42 Pa. D. & C. 3d 119

( Pa. C.P. 1986 ).

¹⁴¹ Fuller v. Healey Transportation, Ltd., 22 O.R. 2d 118

( Ontario, Canada, 1978 ).

¹⁴² Bucholtz v. Sirotkin Travel Service, Ltd., 74 Misc. 2d 180, 343 N.Y.S. 2d 438, aff'd 80 Misc. 2d 333, 363 N.Y.S. 2d 415

( 1974 ).

¹⁴³ Bhattal v. Grand Hyatt-New York, 563 F. Supp. 277 ( S.D.N.Y. 1983 ).

¹⁴⁴ Prechtl v. Travel House of Garden City, 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,182 ( N.Y. Civ. 1980 ), mod'd 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,183 ( N.Y. App. Term. 1981 ).

¹⁴⁵ Trip Tours, Ltd. v. Zamani, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,425

( N.Y. Civ. 1988 ).

¹⁴⁶ Touhey v. Trans National Travel, 47 Pa. D. & C. 3d 250 ( Pa. C.P. 1987 ).

¹⁴⁷ Spiro v. Delmar Travel Bureau, Inc., 188 A.D. 2d 792, 591 N.Y.S. 2d 237 ( 1992 ).

¹⁴⁸ Van Rossem v. Penney Travel Service, Inc., 128 Misc. 2d 50, 488 N.Y.S. 2d 595 ( 1985 ).

¹⁴⁹ Hernandez v. Rapid Bus Company, 641 N.E. 2d 886 ( Ill. App. 1994 ).

¹⁵⁰ Cohen v. Heritage Motor Tours, Inc., 205 A.D. 2d 105, 618 N.Y.S. 2d 387 ( 1994 ).

¹⁵¹ Glenview Park District v. Melhus, 540 F. 2d 1321 ( 7^th Cir. 1976 ).

¹⁵² Pau v. Yosemite Park and Curry Company, 928 F. 2d 880 ( 9^th Cir. 1991 ).

¹⁵³ Chan v. Society Expeditions, Inc., 123 F. 2d 1287 ( 9^th Cir. 1997 ), cert. denied 1185 S. Ct. 906 ( 1998 ).

¹⁵⁴ Maurer v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 294, 890 P. 2d 69 ( 1994 ).

¹⁵⁵ Pelegrini v. Landmark Travel Group, 165 Misc. 2d 589, 628 N.Y.S. 2d 1003 ( 1995 ).

¹⁵⁶ Marcus v. Zenith Travel Inc., New York Law Journal, November 19, 1990, p. 25, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. ), aff'd 178 A.D. 2d 372, 577 N.Y.S. 2d 82 ( 1991 ).

¹⁵⁷ Gelfand v. Action Travel Center, Inc., 55 Ohio App. 3d 193, 563 N.E. 2d 317 ( 1988 ).

¹⁵⁸ Touhey v. Trans National Travel, Inc., 47 Pa. D. & C. 3d 250

( Pa. C.P. 1987 ).

¹⁵⁹ Chow v. Trans World Airlines, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,445

( Ind. App. 1989 ).

¹⁶⁰ Keefe v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 867 F. 2d 1318, 1323-1324

( 11^th Cir. 1989 ).

¹⁶¹ Fogel v. Hertz International, Ltd, 141 AD. 2d 375, 529 N.Y.S. 2d 484 ( 1988 ).

¹⁶² Barton v. Wonderful World of Travel, Inc., 38 Ohio Misc. 2d 6, 502 N.E. 2d 715 ( 1986 ).

¹⁶³ Josephs v. Fuller, 186 N.J. Super. 47, 451 A. 2d 203

( 1982 ).

¹⁶⁴ Rodriquez v. Cardona Travel Bureau, 216 N.J. Super. 226, 523 A. 2d 281 ( 1986 ).

¹⁶⁵ Fix v. Travel Help, 541 N.Y.S. 2d 924 ( N.Y. Civ. 1989 ).

¹⁶⁶ Marcus v. Zenith Travel, Inc., New York Law Journal, November 19, 1990, p. 25, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. ), aff'd 178 A.D. 2d 372, 577 N.Y.S. 2d 820 ( 1991 ).

¹⁶⁷ Slade v. Cheung & Risser Enterprises, 10 Pa. D. & C. 3d 627

( Pa. C.P. 1979 ).

¹⁶⁸ Rosen v. Deporter-Butterworth Tours, Inc., 62 Ill. App. 3d 762, 379 N.E. 2d 407 ( 1978 ).

¹⁶⁹ Bucholtz v. Sirotkin Travel Service, Ltd., 74 Misc. 2d 180, 343 N.Y.S. 2d 438, aff'd 80 Misc. 2d 333, 363 N.Y.S. 2d 415

( 1974 ).

¹⁷⁰ Barton v. Wonderful World of Travel, Inc., 28 Ohio Misc. 2d 6, 502 N.E. 2d 715 ( 1986 ).

¹⁷¹ Stafford v. Intrav, Inc., 841 F. Supp. 284, 288 ( E.D. Mo. 1993 ), aff'd 16 F. 3d 1228 ( 8^th Cir. 1994 ).

¹⁷² Markland v. Travel Travel Southfield, 810 S.W. 2d 81, 84

( Mo. App. 1991 ).

¹⁷³ Behrenhausen v. All About Travel, Inc., 967 S.W. 2d 213 ( Mo. App. 1998 ).

¹⁷⁴ Harvey v. American Airlines, 19 CCH Aviation Cases 18,531

( Okla. 1986 ). Compare: Fleming v. Delta Airlines, 359 F. Supp. 339 ( S.D.N.Y. 1973 )( air carrier liable for failing to warn of bad weather for flying ).

¹⁷⁵ McCollum v. Friendly Hills Travel Center, 172 Cal. App. 3d 83, 217 Cal. Rptr. 919 ( 1985 ).

¹⁷⁶ Tucker v. Whitaker Travel, Ltd., 629 F. Supp. 578 ( E.D. Pa. 1985 ), aff'd mem. 800 F. 2d 1140 ( 3d Cir. ), cert. denied 107 S. Ct. 578 ( 1986 ).

¹⁷⁷ Connolly v. Samuelson, 671 F. Supp. 1312 ( D. Kan. 1987 ).

¹⁷⁸ Marcus v. Zenith Travel, Inc., New York Law Journal, November 19, 1990, p. 25, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. ), aff'd 178 A.D. 2d 372, 577 N.Y.S. 2d 820 ( 1991 ).

¹⁷⁹ Spiro v. Delmar Travel Bureau, Inc., 149 Misc. 2d 613, 566 N.Y.S. 2d 1010 ( 1991 ), mod'd 188 A.D. 2d 792, 591 N.Y.S. 2d 237 ( 1992 ).

¹⁸⁰ Fix v. Travel Help, 541 N.Y.S. 2d 924 ( N.Y. Civ. 1989 ).

¹⁸¹ Douglas v. Steele, 816 P. 2d 586 ( Okla. App. 1991 ).

¹⁸² Lyall v. Airtran Airlines, Inc., 2000 WL 1100845 ( E.D. Pa. 2000 ).

¹⁸³ Barton v. Wonderful World of Travel, Inc., 28 Ohio Misc. 2d 6, 502 N.E. 2d 715 ( 1986 ).

¹⁸⁴ Josephs v. Fuller, 186 N.J. Super. 47, 451 A. 2d 203

( 1982 ).

¹⁸⁵ Slade v. Cheung & Risser Enterprises, Inc., 10 Pa. D. & C. 3d 627 ( Pa. C.P. 1979 ).

¹⁸⁶ Gelfand v. Action Travel Center, Inc., 55 Ohio App. 3d 193, 563 N.E. 2d 317 ( 1988 ).

¹⁸⁷ Bucholtz v. Sirotkin Travel Service, Ltd., 74 Misc. 2d 180, 343 N.Y.S. 2d 438, aff'd 80 Misc. 2d 333, 363 N.Y.S. 2d 415

( 1974 ).

¹⁸⁸ Trip Tours, Inc. v. Zamani, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,425

( N.Y. Civ. 1989 ).

¹⁸⁹ Prechtl v. Travel House of Garden City, Ltd., 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,182 ( N.Y. Civ. 1980 ), mod'd 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,183 ( N.Y. App. Term. 1981 ).

¹⁹⁰ Marcus v. Zenith Travel, Inc., New York Law Journal, November 19, 1990, p. 25, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. 1990 ), aff'd 178 A.D. 2d 372, 577 N.Y.S. 2d 820 ( 1991 ).

¹⁹¹ Compaigne Nationale Air France v. Castano, 358 F. 2d 203

( 1^st Cir. 1966 ).

¹⁹² Levin v. Kasmir World Travel, Inc., 143 Misc. 2d 245, 540 N.Y.S. 2d 639 ( 1989 ).

¹⁹³ Glenview Park District v. Melhus, 540 F. 2d 1321 ( 7^th Cir. 1976 ).

¹⁹⁴ Loretti v. Holiday Inns., Inc., 1986 WL 5339 ( E.D. Pa.

1986 ).

¹⁹⁵ See Shurben v. Dollar Rent-A-Car, 676 So. 2d 467 ( Fla. App. 1996 ).

¹⁹⁶ See Viney v. Kloster Cruise, Ltd., 1997 American Maritime Cases 544 ( N.D. Cal. 1996 ).

¹⁹⁷ See Russell v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 2000 WL 1013954

( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

¹⁹⁸ Maurer v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 294, 890 P. 2d 69 ( 1994 ).

¹⁹⁹ Rodriquez v. Cardona Travel Bureau, 216 N.J. Super. 226, 523 A. 2d 281, 282 ( 1986 ).

²⁰⁰ Markland v. Travel Travel Southfield, 810 S.W. 2d 81, 84

( Mo. App. 1991 ).

²⁰¹ McCoy v. MTI Vacations, Inc., 272 Ill. App. 3d 494, 208 Ill. Dec. 911, 650 N.E. 2d 605 ( 1995 ).

²⁰² Vick v. National Airlines, Inc., 16 CCH Aviation Cases 18,404 ( La. App. 1982 ).

²⁰³ Rosen v. DePorter-Butterworth Tours, Inc., 62 Ill. App. 3d 762, 379 N.E. 2d 407 ( 1978 ).

²⁰⁴ Das v. Royal Jordanian Airlines, 766 F. Supp. 169 ( S.D.N.Y. 1991 ).

²⁰⁵ Burnap v. Tribeca Travel, 21 CCH Aviation Cases 17,321

( N.Y. Civ. 1988 ).

²⁰⁶ Pelegrini v. Landmark Travel Group, 165 Misc. 2d 589, 628 N.Y.S. 2d 1003 ( 1995 ).

²⁰⁷ Tei Yan Sun v. Taiwan, 201 F. 3d 1105 ( 9^th Cir. 2000 ).

²⁰⁸ Carley v. Theater Development Fund, 22 F. Supp. 2d 224

( S.D.N.Y. 1998 ).

²⁰⁹ Gyenes v. Zionist Organization of America, New York Law Journal, August 9, 1989, p. 21, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. ).

²¹⁰ St. John v. Rein Teen Tours, Inc., 2000 WL 977685 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

²¹¹ Sakellares v. The Danbury Scott-Fanton Museum and Historical Society, Inc., 1998 Conn. Super. LEXIS 2472 ( Conn. Super.

1998 ).

²¹² Paster v. Putney Student Travel, Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9194 ( C.D. Cal. 1999 ).

²¹³ Pitkewicz v. Kane, 227 A.D. 2d 113, 641 N.Y.S. 2d 664

( 1996 ).

²¹⁴ Knoell v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 394, 891 P. 2d 861 ( 1994 ).

²¹⁵ Maurer v. Cerkvenick-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 294, 890 P. 2d 69 ( 1994 ).

²¹⁶ Smith v. Stuart Chason, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7636 ( D. Mass. 1997 ).

²¹⁷ Smith v. West Rochelle Travel Agency, Inc., 238 A.D. 2d 398, 656 N.Y.S. 2d 340 ( 1997 ).

²¹⁸ Rodriquez v. Class Travel Worldwide, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1926 ( E.D. La. 2000 ).

²¹⁹ Thomalen v. Marriott Corp., 845 F. Supp. 33 ( D. Mass.

1994 ).

²²⁰ Insurance Company of North America v. Hilton Hotels, 908 F. Supp. 809 ( D. Nev. 1996 ), aff'd 110 F. 3d 715 ( 9th Cir.

1997 ).

²²¹ Wolfgang v. Mid-America Motorsports, Inc., 111 F. 3d 1515

( 10th Cir. 1997 ).

²²² Smith v. Lebanon Valley Auto Racing, Inc., 194 A.D. 2d 946, 598 N.Y.S. 2d 858 ( 1993 ).

²²³ Torres v. National Association of Underwater Instructors, 928 F. Supp. 134 ( D.P.R. 1996 ).

²²⁴ Love v. Maritz, Inc., Index No: CV 96-07104, Arizona Superior Court, Maricopa County (MFC ).

²²⁵ Martinez v. Bridgeport and Port Jefferson Steamboat Company, New York Law Journal, September 30, 1996, p. 34, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. ).

²²⁶ Russell v. Bissell & Associates, Inc., 562 So. 2d 1059 ( La. App. 1990 ).

²²⁷ Smith v. High Class Tours & Travel, Inc., Index. No. 14208/81 ( N.Y. Sup. 1981 ).

²²⁸ Mayer v. Cornell University, 909 F. Supp. 81 ( N.D.N.Y.

1996 )( judgment for defendants ), aff'd 107 F. 3d 3 ( 2d Cir, 1997 ), cert. denied 1997 WL 336602( U.S. Sup. Ct. 1997 ).

²²⁹ Gehling v. St. George's University School of Medicine, 705 F. Supp. 761 ( E.D.N.Y. 1989 ).

²³⁰ Gyenes v. Zionist Organization of America, New York Law Journal, August 9, 1989, p. 21, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. 1989 ).

²³¹ Hannold v. First Baptist Church, 677 N.Y.S. 2d 859 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1998 ).

²³² Sachs v. Book-of-the-Month Club, Inc., Index No. 00140/91

( N.Y. Sup. 1991 ).

²³³ Gottesfeld v. Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies, 113 Misc. 2d 937, 448 N.Y.S. 2d 916 ( 1980 ).

²³⁴ Lane v. Vacation Charters, Ltd., 750 F. Supp. 120 ( S.D.N.Y. 1990 ).

²³⁵ Tei Yan Sun v. Taiwan, 201 F. 3d 1105 ( 9^th Cir. 2000 ).

²³⁶ Winter v. I.C. Holidays, New York Law Journal, Jan. 9, 1992, p. 23, col. 4 ( N.Y. Sup. 1992 ).

²³⁷ Carley v. Theater Development Fund, 22 F. Supp. 2d 224

( S.D.N.Y. 1998 ).

²³⁸ Potter v. National Handicapped Sports, 1994 WL 171949 ( D. Colo. 1994 ).

²³⁹ Mauer v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 294, 890 P. 2d 69 ( 1994 ).

²⁴⁰ Knoell v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 394, 891 P. 2d 861 ( 1994 ).

²⁴¹ Smith v. Chason, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7636 ( D. Mass.

1997 ).

²⁴² Smith v. West Rochelle Travel Agency, Inc., 238 A.D. 2d 398, 656 N.Y.S. 2d 340 ( 1997 ).

²⁴³ Dunleavy v. Youth Travel Associates, 199 A.D. 2d 1046, 608 N.Y.S. 2d 30 ( 1993 ).

²⁴⁴ Hayes v. Pickman, New York Law Journal, January 12, 1996, p. 30, col. 3 ( N.Y. Civ. 1996 ).

²⁴⁵ Del Bosco v. US Ski Ass'n, 1993 WL 532633 ( D. Colo. 1993 ).

²⁴⁶ McAleer v. Smith, 860 F. Supp. 924 ( D.R.I. 1994 ).

²⁴⁷ Glenview Park District v. Melhus, 540 F. 2d 1321 ( 7^th Cir. 1996 ).

²⁴⁸ Mongello v. Davos Ski Resort, 224 A.D. 2d 502, 638 N.Y.S. 2d 166 ( 1996 ).

²⁴⁹ Rudolph v. B.A.S.S. Federation, 182 Ariz. 622, 898 P. 2d 1000 ( 1995 ).

²⁵⁰ Lamey v. Foley, 188 A.D. 2d 157, 594 N.Y.S. 2d 490 ( 1993 ).

²⁵¹ Adames v. Trans National Travel, 1998 Mass. Super. LEXIS 108 ( Mass. Super. 1998 ).

²⁵² Hebert v. St. Paul Fire And Marine Insurance Companies, 757 So. 2d 814 ( La. App. 2000 ).

²⁵³ Ransom v. Fernandina Beach Chamber Of Commerce, 752 So. 2d 118 ( Fla. App. 2000 ).

²⁵⁴ Burford Distributing, Inc. v. Starr, 2000 Ark. LEXIS 354

( Ark. Sup. 2000 ).

²⁵⁵ Uhler v Evangeline Riding Club, 525 So. 2d 550 ( La. App. 1988 ).

²⁵⁶ See Dickerson, Flight Delays: The Airline Passenger's Rights And Remedies; http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv/flightdelays.html.

²⁵⁷ See Dickerson, The Cruise Passengers Rights And Remedies;

http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv/cruiserights.html

²⁵⁸ See Dickerson, What Tort Lawyers Should Know About Travel Law;

http://courts.state.ny.us/tandv/travellaw.html; Dickerson, Tour Operators And Air Carriers: Modern Theories Of Liability, http://

courts.state.ny.us/tandv/toac.html

²⁵⁹ Guidi v. Inter-Continental Hotels Corp., 203 F. 3d 180 ( 2d Cir. 2000 ).

²⁶⁰ Klinghofer v. Achille Lauro, 816 F. Supp. 934 ( S.D.N.Y.

1993 )

²⁶¹ Travel Weekly, July 31, 2000, p. 8.

²⁶² Carlisle v. Ulyssess Line, Ltd., 475 So. 2d 248 ( Fla. App. 1985 ).

²⁶³ Travel Weekly, July 27, 2000, p. 4.

²⁶⁴ Chan v. Society Expeditions, Inc., 123 F. 3d 1287 ( 9th Cir. 1997 ), cert. denied 118 S. Ct. 906 ( 1998 ).

²⁶⁵ Goldstein v. D.D.B. Needham, 740 F. Supp. 461 ( S.D. Ohio 1990 ).

²⁶⁶ Varey v. Canadian Helicopters Limited, Case No: 95-13755-18

( Fla. Cir. Ct. Broward County ).

²⁶⁷ Love v. Maritz, Inc., No. CV 96-07104, Arizona Superior Court, Maricopa County.

²⁶⁸ Reuters, November 2, 1998.

²⁶⁹ Hardy v. Pier 99 Motor Inn, 664 So. 2d 1085 ( Fla. App.

1995 ).

²⁷⁰ Woods-Leber v. Hyatt Hotels of Puerto Rico, 1997 WL 476360

( 1^st Cir. 1997 ).

²⁷¹ Schreiber v. Camm, 1994 WL 131611 ( D.N.J. 1994 ).

²⁷² Wilson v. American Trans Air, Inc., 874 F. 2d 386 ( 7^th Cir. 1989 ).

²⁷³ Manahan v. NWA, Inc., 821 F. Supp. 1105 ( D.V.I. 1992 ), recon. denied 821 F. Supp. 1110 ( D.V.I. 1992 ), aff'd 995 F. 2d 218 ( 3rd Cir. 1993 ).

²⁷⁴ O'Keefe v. Inca Floats, Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17088

( N.D. Cal. 1997 ).

²⁷⁵ Doe v. Sun International Hotels, Ltd., 20 F. Supp. 2d 1328

( S.D. Fla. 1998 ).

²⁷⁶ Loretti v. Holiday Inns, Inc., 1986 WL 5339 ( E.D. Pa.

1986 ).

²⁷⁷ Catalano v. NWA, Inc., 1998 WL 777023 ( D. Minn. 1998 ).

²⁷⁸ Creteau v. Liberty Travel, Inc., 195 A.D. 2d 1012, 600 N.Y.S. 2d 576 ( 1993 ).

²⁷⁹ Wilson v. Humphreys Cayman Ltd., 916 F. 2d 1239 ( 7^th Cir.

1990 ).

²⁸⁰ Morton v. De Oliviera, 984 F. 2d 289 ( 9^th Cir. 1993 ).

²⁸¹ Johnson v. Commodore Cruise Lines, 1996 American Maritime Cases 666 ( S.D.N.Y. 1995 ).

²⁸² Gillmore v. Caribbean Cruise Line, 789 F. Supp. 488 ( D.P.R. 1992 ).

²⁸³ Fling v. Hollywood Travel and Tours, 765 F. Supp. 1302

( N.D. Ohio 1990 ).

²⁸⁴ Dow v. Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7290 ( N.D. Ill. 2000 ).

²⁸⁵ Travel Weekly, January 9, 1997, p. 4.

²⁸⁶ Searcy v. La Quinta Motor Inns, Inc., 676 So. 2d 1137 ( La. App. 1996 ).

²⁸⁷ Calvo v. Sol Melia, S.A., 2000 Fla. App. LEXIS 8053 ( Fla. App. 2000 ).

²⁸⁸ Mayer v. Cornell University, 107 F. 3d 3 ( 2d Cir. 1997 ), cert. denied 1997 WL 336602 ( 1997 ).

²⁸⁹ Gardemal v. Westin Hotel Company, 186 F. 3d 588 ( 5^th Cir. 1999 ).

²⁹⁰ Lehman v. Humphreys Cayman Ltd., 713 F. 2d 339 ( 8^th Cir.

1983 ).

²⁹¹ Rygg v. County of Maui, 98 F. Supp. 2d 1129 ( D. Hawaii

1999 ).

²⁹² Reid-Walen v. Hansen, 933 F. 2d 1390 ( 8^th Cir. 1991 ).

²⁹³ Tancredi v. Dive Makai Charters, 823 F. Supp. 778 ( D. Hawaii 1993 ).

²⁹⁴ Sun v. Taiwan, 1998 WL 738002 ( N.D. Cal. 1998 ), rev'd

201 F. 3d 1105 ( 9th Cir. 2000 ).

²⁹⁵ Sankaran v. Club Mediterranee, S.A., 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11750 ( S.D.N.Y. 1998 ).

²⁹⁶ Rodriquez v. Class Travel Worldwide, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1926 ( E.D. La. 2000 ).

²⁹⁷ Sova v. Apple Vacations, 984 F. Supp. 1136 ( S.D. Ohio

1997 ).

²⁹⁸ Feldman v. Acapulco Princess Hotel, 137 Misc. 2d 787, 520 N.Y.S. 2d 477 ( 1987 ).

²⁹⁹ Nowak v. Tak How Inc., Ltd., 1995 WL 521874 ( D. Mass.

1995 ).

³⁰⁰ Darby v. Societe Des Hotels Meridien, 1999 WL 642877

( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

³⁰¹ MacLachlin v. Marriott Corporation, New York Law Journal, January 18, 1994, p. 29, col. 2 ( N.Y. Sup. 1994 ).

³⁰² Colby v. Norwegian Cruise Lines, Inc., 1996 WL 173016 ( D. Conn. 1996 ).

³⁰³ Honeycutt v. Tour Carriage, Inc., 94 CV 134 (MCK)( W.D.N.C. March 18, 1996 ).

³⁰⁴ May v. Club Med Sales, Inc., 832 F. Supp. 937 ( E.D. Pa.

1993 ).

³⁰⁵ Tucker v. Whitaker Travel, Ltd., 620 F. Supp. 578 ( E.D. Pa. 1985 ), aff'd mem. 800 F. 2d 1140 ( 3^rd Cir. ), cert. denied 107 S. Ct. 578 ( 1986 ).

³⁰⁶ Barber v. Princess Hotels International, 134 A.D. 2d 312, 520 N.Y.S. 2d 789 ( 1987 ).

³⁰⁷ Pearl Cruises v. Cohon, 728 So. 2d 1226 ( Fla. App. 1999 ).

³⁰⁸ Davies v. General Tours, Inc., 1999 Conn. Super. LEXIS 2387

( Conn. Super. 1999 ).

³⁰⁹ Lubick v. Travel Services, Inc., 573 F. Supp. 904 ( D.V.I. 1983 ).

³¹⁰ Ramage v. Forbes International Inc., 1997 WL 785613 ( C.D. Cal. 1997 ).

³¹¹ Winter v. I.C. Holidays, Inc., New York Law Journal, January 9, 1992, p. 23, col. 4 ( N.Y. Sup. ).

³¹² Chouset v. American Airlines, Inc., 1993 WL 501607 ( E.D. La. 1993 ).

³¹³ Fertels v. Resorts International, 43 A.D. 2d 241, 350 N.Y.S. 2d 913, aff'd 35 N.Y. 2d 895, 364 N.Y.S. 2d 891 ( 1974 ).

³¹⁴ Lowy v. Heimann's Bus Tours, Inc., 240 A.D. 2d 548, 658 N.Y.S. 2d 452 ( 1997 ).

³¹⁵ Rovinsky v. Hispanidad Holidays, Inc., 580 N.Y.S. 2d 49

( N.Y. App. Div. 1992 ).

³¹⁶ DeRoche v. Commodore Cruise Line, Ltd., 46 Cal. Rptr. 2d 468 ( Cal. App. 1994 ).

³¹⁷ Dubret v. Holland America Line Westours, Inc., 25 F. Supp. 2d 1151 ( W.D. Wash. 1998 ).

³¹⁸ Paredes v. Princess Cruises, Inc., 1 F. Supp. 2d 87 ( D. Mass. 1998 ).

³¹⁹ McCartney v. Windsor, Inc., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1623

( E.D. Pa. 1996 ).

³²⁰ Sadkin v. Avis Rent A Car Systems, Inc., 224 A.D. 2d 303, 638 N.Y.S. 2d 435 ( 1996 ).

³²¹ Chung v. Chrysler Corp., 1995 WL 669183 ( D.D.C. 1995 ).

³²² Travalja v. Maieliano Tours, 622 N.Y.S. 2d 961 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1995 ).

³²³ Weiner v. B.O.A.C., 60 A.D. 2d 427, 401 N.Y.S. 2d 91

( 1978 ).

³²⁴ Kermisch v. Avis Rent-A-Car, 71 A.D. 2d 790, 419 N.Y.S. 2d 793 ( 1979 ).

³²⁵ Smith v. Chason, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7636 ( D. Mass.

1997 ).

³²⁶ Meurer v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 294, 890 P. 2d 69 ( 1994 ).

³²⁷ Knoell v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 394, 891 P. 2d 861 ( 1994 ).

³²⁸ Powell v. Trans Global Tours, Inc. 594 N.W. 2d 252 ( Minn. App. 1999 ).

³²⁹ Chierchia v. Treasure Cay Services, 738 F. Supp. 1386 ( S.D. Fla. 1990 ).

³³⁰ United Shipping Co. v. Witmer, 724 So. 2d 722 ( Fla. App. 1999 ).

³³¹ McAleer v. Smith, 860 F.Supp. 924 ( D.R.I. 1994 ).

³³² Elsis v. TWA, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,806 ( N.Y. Sup.

1989 ).

³³³ Glenview Park District v. Melhus, 540 F. 2d 1321 ( 7th Cir. 1976 ).

³³⁴ Rawlins v. Clipper Cruise Line, 1998 American Maritime Cases 1260 ( E.D. Mo. 1996 ).

³³⁵ Walther v. Hell's Canyon Adventurers, Inc., 1997 American Maritime Cases 2098 ( D. Ore. 1997 ).

³³⁶ Wong Mee Wan v. Kwan Kin Travel Services Ltd., 4 All ER 745

( 1995 ).

³³⁷ Hernandez v. Quality Inns, Inc., New York Law Journal, March 23, 1993, p. 21, col. 6 ( N.Y. Sup. 1993 ).

³³⁸ Anderson v. Marriott Hotel Services, Inc., 2000 Conn. Super. LEXIS 904 ( Conn. Super. 2000 ).

³³⁹ Bruemmer v. Marriott Corporation, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2514 ( N.D. Ill. 1991 ).

³⁴⁰ Bouchard v. Smiley Brothers, Inc., 685 N.Y.S. 2d 289 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1999 ).

³⁴¹ Pau v. Yosemite Park, 928 F. 2d 880 ( 9^th Cir. 1991 ).

³⁴² Grutkowski v. Steamboat Lake Guides & Outfitters, Inc., 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20255 ( E.D. Pa. 1998 ).

³⁴³ Schettino v. Paradise Beach Inn, Ltd., 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21899 ( D.N.J. 1992 ).

³⁴⁴ Torres v. National Association of Underwater Instructors, 1996 WL 288217 ( D.P.R. 1996 ).

³⁴⁵ Barkanic v. Civil Aviation Administration, 923 F. 2d 957

( 2d Cir. 1991 ).

³⁴⁶ Philippe v. Lloyd's Aero Boliviano, 710 So. 2d 807 ( La. App. 1998 ).

³⁴⁷ Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc. v. Carlson Marketing Group, Inc., 1989 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4469 ( E.D. Pa. 1989 ).

³⁴⁸ Paster v. Putney Student Travel, Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9194 ( C.D. Cal. 1999 ).

³⁴⁹ Schechter v. Tauck Tours, Inc., 17 F. Supp. 2d 255

( S.D.N.Y. 1998 ).

³⁵⁰ Connolly v. Samuelson, 671 F. Supp. 1312 ( D. Kan. 1987 ).

³⁵¹ Lavine v. General Mills, Inc., 519 F. Supp. 332 ( N.D. Ga. 1981 ).

³⁵² Cohen v. Heritage Motor Tours, Inc., 215 A.D. 2d 105, 618 N.Y.S. 2d 387 ( 1994 ).

³⁵³ Carney v. Singapore Airlines, 940 F. Supp. 1496 ( D. Az.

1996 ).

³⁵⁴ Stevenson v. Four Winds Travel, Inc., 462 F. 2d 899 ( 5^th Cir. 1972 ).

³⁵⁵ Sanders v. Nabila Tours & Cruises, No. AO79884 ( Cal. App. 1^st Dist. May 1, 1998 ).

³⁵⁶ McFadden v. Staley, 687 So. 2d 357 ( Fla. App. 1997 ).

³⁵⁷ Klein v. Marriott International, Inc., 34 F. Supp. 2d 176

( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

³⁵⁸ Assicurazioni Generali, SPA v. Neil, 1998 WL 801496 ( 4th Cir. 1998 ).

³⁵⁹ Averitt v. Southland Motor Inn of Oklahoma, 720 F. 2d 1178

( 10th Cir. 1983 ).

³⁶⁰ In Re Horizon Cruises, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7246 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

³⁶¹ Freeman v. Celebrity Lines, Inc., 1994 WL 689809 ( S.D.N.Y. 1994 ).

³⁶² Russell v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 2000 WL 1013954

( S.D.N.Y. 2000 ).

³⁶³ Wilson v. Best Travel ( 1993 ) 1 All ER 353.

³⁶⁴ Carley v. Theater Development Fund, 1998 WL 695421

( S.D.N.Y. 1998 ).

³⁶⁵ Knoell v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 394, 891 P. 2d 861 ( 1994 ).

³⁶⁶ Cicchiello v. Reney Tours Plane Broker, Inc., 1996 WL 278348 ( Conn. Super. 1996 ).

³⁶⁷ DeRoche v. Commodore Cruise Line, Ltd., 46 Cal. Rptr. 2d 468

( Cal. App. 1994 ).

³⁶⁸ Gillmore v. Caribbean Cruise Line, 789 F. Supp. 488

( D.P.R. 1992 ).

³⁶⁹ Bonaventure v. Home Lines, Inc., 1982 American Maritime Cases 1507 ( E.D. Pa. 1982 ).

³⁷⁰ Blinzler v. Marriott International, Inc., 1994 WL 363920

( D.R.I. 1994 ), aff'd 1996 WL 164966 ( 1^st Cir. 1996 ).

³⁷¹ Johnson v. Commodore Cruise Lines, Ltd., 1996 American Maritime Cases 666 ( S.D.N.Y. 1995 ).

³⁷² Room v. Caribe Hilton Hotel, 659 F. 2d 5 ( 5^th Cir. 1981 ).

³⁷³ Krys v. Lufthansa German Airlines, 1997 WL 450150 ( 11^th Cir. 1997 ).

³⁷⁴ MacLachlin v. Marriott Corp., New York Law Journal, January 18, 1994, p. 29, col. 2 ( N.Y. Sup. 1994 ).

³⁷⁵ In Re Air Crash Off Long Island, New York, July 17, 1996, 65 F. Supp. 2d 207 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

³⁷⁶ Calvo v. Sol Melia, S.A., 2000 Fla. App. LEXIS 8053 ( Fla. App. 2000 ).

³⁷⁷ Mercier v. Sheraton International, Inc., 935 F. 2d 419 ( 1^st Cir. 1991 ).

³⁷⁸ Nowack v. Tak How Inv. Ltd., 1995 WL 521874 ( D. Mass.

1995 ).

³⁷⁹ Simcox v. McDermott International, 1994 WL 24170 ( S.D. Tex. 1994 ).

³⁸⁰ Lehman v. Humphrey Cayman, Ltd., 713 F. 2d 339 ( 8^th Cir. 1983 ).

³⁸¹ Bankanic v. General Administration of Civil Aviation, 923 F. 2d 957 ( 2d Cir. 1991 ).

³⁸² Wendelkin v. Superior Court, 137 Ariz. 455, 671 P. 2d 896

( 1983 ).

³⁸³ Hernandez v. Burger, 102 Cal. App. 3d 795, 162 Cal. Rptr. 564 ( 1980 ).

³⁸⁴ Bruemmer v. Marriott Corp., 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2514

( N.D. Ill. March 4, 1991 ).

³⁸⁵ Doe v. Sun International Hotels, Ltd., 20 F. Supp. 2d 1328

( S.D. Fla. 1998 ).

³⁸⁶ In Re Air Crash Off Long Island, New York, July 17, 1996, 65 F. Supp. 2d 207 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 ).

³⁸⁷ Wilson v. Humphreys Cayman Ltd., 916 F. 2d 1239 ( 7^th Cir. 1990 ).

³⁸⁸ . Lehman v. Humphrey Cayman, Ltd., 713 F. 2d 339 ( 8^th Cir. 1983 ).

³⁸⁹ Reid-Walen v. Hansen, 933 F. 2d 1390 ( 8^th Cir. 1991 )

³⁹⁰ Lugones v. Sandals Resorts, Inc., 1995 WL 65522 ( S.D. Fla. 1995 ).

³⁹¹ Neville v. Anglo American Management, 594 N.Y.S. 2d 747

( N.Y. App. Div. 1993 ).

³⁹² Flynn v. General Motors, Inc., 141 F.R.D. 5 ( E.D.N.Y.

1992 ).

³⁹³ Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Oy Wartsila AB, 159 BR 984

( S.D. Fla. 1993 ).

³⁹⁴ Gyenes v. Zionist Organization of America, 169 A.D. 2d 41

( N.Y. App. Dic. 1991 ).

³⁹⁵ Mercier v. Sheraton International Inc., 935 F. 2d 419 ( 1st Cir. 1991 ).

³⁹⁶ Rudisill v. Sheraton Copenhagen Corp., 817 F. Supp. 443 ( D. Del. 1993 ).

³⁹⁷ Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Oy Wartsila AB, 159 BR 984

( S.D. Fla. 1993 ).

³⁹⁸ Chhawchharia v. The Boeing Co., 657 F. Supp. 1157 ( S.D.N.Y. 1987 ).

³⁹⁹ Diaz v. Mexicana de Avion, S.A., 20 CCH Aviation Cases 17,983 ( W.D. Tex. 1987 ).

⁴⁰⁰ Fertels v. Resorts International, 43 A.D. 2d 241, 350 N.Y.S. 2d 913, aff'd 35 N.Y. 2d 895, 364 N.Y.S. 2d 891 ( 1974 ).

⁴⁰¹ See Marschak, Consumer press reports distrust of Web travel sites, Travel Weekly, November 11, 1999, p. 29 ( " Consumers are not necessarily seeing a meaningful range of products or getting the tools they need for making meaningful price comparisons... Paul Grimes...complained that many sites, including travel agency consortium sites, promote only certain tour and cruise

companies " ); Tedeschi, Practical Traveler, Web Air Deals: Caveat Surfer, N.Y. Times Travel Section, April 16, 2000, p. 4.

⁴⁰² See Hidden Fees Take Bite Out of Online Savings, Consumer Reports Travel Letter, February 2000, p. 1 ( " Found a cheap ticket online? Beware of hidden fees that could take a bite out of those savings. Service fees for processing bookings, delivering tickets and making changes are driving up the cost of booking airline tickets online...that fees can add as much as 85 percent to the advertised price. And they're hard to avoid because online discounters don't always disclose--or plainly display--these charges on their web sites " ).

⁴⁰³ See Grant, Are Web Bookings Safe? Airlines Say Yes, But Some Take Extra Precautions, Travel Agent, January 17, 2000, p. 88

( " Last month Northwest discovered a programming error that left unprotected the credit card numbers and personal information of some frequent flyers. " ); Tedeschi, Tighter Security For Web Buyers, Practical Traveler, N.Y. Times Sunday Edition, Travel Section, December 26, 1999, p. 4 ( " This year...a technical administrator for an Internet service provider in Seattle discovered that hundreds of Web sites had left their customers' credit card information completely exposed to anyone with an Internet connection " ); Bryant, Cautiously, Travelers Shop on the Internet, New York Times Sunday Edition, Travel Section, December 20, 1998, at p. 3 ( " A recent survey...found that among 500 people who have traveled by air in the past year and visited a Web site in the past month, 80 percent have looked at Internet travel sites and 58 percent have checked fares. But only 18 percent have used the Internet to book travel online...The main reason for their reluctance? Credit card security. " ).

⁴⁰⁴ See Bryant, Web Travel Shopping: The Surf Is Rising, New York Times Sunday Edition, Travel Section, May 3, 1998, p. 3 ( " A recent survey...estimated that by 2002, on-line bookings of air fares, hotel rooms, rental cars and vacation packages will jump more than tenfold, to $8.9 billion..." ).

⁴⁰⁵ 7. See More Web Worries? Four Hotel Chains Plan A Common Site, Travel Agent, March 27, 2000, p. 6; Johnston, Practical Traveler, Rooms Through The Web, New York Times Sunday Edition, Travel Section, p. 4 ( " But shopping for lodgings on the Web is clearly the wave of the future. " ).

⁴⁰⁶ See Airlines Throw Their Weight Behind New Web Site, Travel Agent, January 17, 2000, p. 6 ( " Twenty-three airlines have answered the question posed by Continental, Delta, Northwest and United last November--will enough major players joined a planned Web site to make it viable? With the addition...of large and small U.S. and foreign carriers...the new Web site...has the backing it needs to potentially become the industry's 400-pound gorilla. " ); Big Airlines Ready To Deal, Consumer Reports Travel Letter, December 1999, p. 13 ( " More choices on the web mean better deals for consumers, right? That's the pitch behind a new travel ' supersite ' to be launched by Continental, Delta, Northwest and United " ).

⁴⁰⁷ See Round-The-Clock Access Rates As A Major Attraction Of Net, Survey explores Internet users' attitudes, motives, Travel Weekly, August 3, 2000, p. 4.

⁴⁰⁸ See Polling, Latest Web twist: Lose the booking, keep the cash, Travel Weekly, June 5, 2000, p. 1 ( "...an alternative pricing mechanism for moving travel...on the Web, enabling merchants to make a deal with a consumer, but with the option to call it off if it looks as if the ( travel services ) can be sold elsewhere at a better price. For taking the risk that the supplier might pull out of the deal, the consumer gets a guaranteed low price with a cash rebate up front. " ).

⁴⁰⁹ How Low Can You Go? Priceline Adds Hotel Bids, Consumer Reports Travel Letter, December 1998, p. 1 ( " Priceline.com. The Internet bidding system that claims it lets travelers name their own prices for airline tickets, quietly launched a similar service for hotel rooms in 26 cities " ); Priceline: Moving 20,000 air tickets, 5000 hotel rooms weekly, Travel Weekly, May 3, 1999, p. 8; Milligan, Priceline.com to add cruises, tours to lineup, Travel Weekly, May 11, 2000, p. 1; Wilkening, The ins and outs of Priceline.com: Good fares come with drawbacks, Travel Weekly, June 24, 1999, p. 1 ( " But if you think the price is right, don't overlook the minuses--including uncertain hours of travel, nonstandard purchase conditions and some potential hidden costs " ).

⁴¹⁰ See Nankin, Travel Distribution Update, Fall 1999, p. 2

( " It is no secret that the prospect of increased direct Internet sales by airlines is driving the shift away from

( travel ) agents as a form of distribution. According to some estimates, an online sale cuts an airline's distribution

( agent commission or telephone sales ) costs by 75 percent " ); Will The Internet Replace Your Travel Agent?, Conde Nast Traveler, August 1997, p. 19 ( "' The Web can be a very good tool for travelers looking for last-minute specials. But for other types of travel, we still find that travel agents are best. They don't guarantee the best price, but they do increase your chances of finding it '" ); ASTA consumer survey: Agents more credible than the Net, Travel Weekly, January 7, 1999, p. 12

( " Agents were favored over Internet-based travel information sources by 68% of air travelers and 81% of cruise

vacationers " ); Poll: Most Web browsers still turning to agents, Travel Weekly, August 12, 1999, p. 23 ( " The poll said 56% of on-line travelers reported booking with an agent after visiting a travel site " ).

⁴¹¹ See Dickerson, The Licensing And Regulation Of Travel Sellers In The United States, The Aviation Quarterly [ 1998 ] TAQ 47-69, January 1998 ( " Travel Sellers are, to a large extent, unregulated in the United States. As at 1997 only a handful of States...had some form of Travel Seller regulation. Many of today's Travel Seller statutes are cosmetic only...(and) fail to have most of the basic components of a comprehensive licensing statute, i.e., annual registration, proficiency testing, advertising standards and contractual disclosure rules, surety bonding, escrow accounts, errors and omissions insurance, consumer restitution funds and civil and criminal penalties " ).

See also Dickerson, The Licensing And Regulation Of Travel Agents, Tour Operators And Other Travel Sellers In The United States, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Japan And The Members Of The European Community, March 15, 2000, http://www.courts.

state.ny.us/tandv/Aqtaed1.htm.

⁴¹² See Vacations from Hell, Consumer Reports, January 1999, p. 29 ( " Because travel mixes fantasy and fun--and because the industry is largely unregulated--it's an area ripe for rip- offs...According to FTC records, Design Travel operated 41 telemarketing boiler rooms...What buyers typically got was a few nights in Florida, a ' cruise ' to the Bahamas on a converted auto ferry and a brief stay there at a seedy hotel. It was hardly the vacation ' retailed at over $1,500 ' that smooth-talking telemarketers described " ); See also Edelson, ASTA Travel Scam Conference: Beware Of Fraud on the Web, Travel Agent, May 18, 1998, p. 119 ( " As it becomes more mainstream, the Internet has opened up a whole new medium for scam artists..." ).

⁴¹³ See Dickerson, The Licensing And Regulation Of Travel Services In The United States, The Aviation Quarterly [ 1998 ] TAQ 47-69, January 1998 ( " consumers need to be protected from increasingly complex, misleading and deceptive travel scams. Recently, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Attorneys General of ( 12 States ) took legal action against a variety of travel scam operators. ' Travel has long been a fertile field for flimflam, but what had been a cottage industry has lately mushroomed into a growth industry...the cost of travel-related fraud ( is estimated ) at more than $12 billion a year...Travel fraud comes in many more packages than it used to ' " ).

⁴¹⁴ See Dickerson, Travel Law, supra, at Section 2.02[1]. The Airline Deregulation Act has been held by some Courts to preempt passenger claims which " relate to rates, routes or service of any air carrier ". Under preemption doctrine the Court is deprived of jurisdiction and required to dismiss the lawsuit. See Charas v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 1998 WL 822116 ( 9^th Cir. 1998 )( Airline Deregulation Act does not preempt passenger's run of the mill personal injury claims ).

⁴¹⁵ See

Second Circuit: Darby v. Compagnie National Air France, 735 F. Supp. 555 ( S.D.N.Y. 1990 )( Brazilian hotel where guest drowned subject to New York jurisdiction because of actions of subsidiary in the forum ).

State Courts:

New York: Frummer v. Hilton Hotels International, Inc., 19 N.Y. 2d 933, 281 N.Y.S. 2d 41, 227 N.E. 2d 851 ( 1967 )

( subsidiary reservations service in the forum ).

⁴¹⁶ See Bryant v. Finnish National Airline, 15 N.Y. 2d 426, 260 N.Y.S. 2d 625, 208 N.E. 2d 439 ( 1965 ).

⁴¹⁷ See Catalano v. BRI, Inc., 724 F. Supp. 1580 ( E.D. Mich. 1989 )( Michigan has personal jurisdiction over Las Vegas hotel based upon conducting business through an agent with offices in Michigan ).

⁴¹⁸ See Taca Intl. Airlines v. Rolls-Royce of England, 15 N.Y. 2d 97, 256 N.Y.S. 2d 129, 204 N.E. 2d 329 ( 1965 ).

⁴¹⁹ See Weintraub v. Walt Disney World Co., 825 F. Supp. 717

( E.D. Pa. 1993 )( Pennsylvania has jurisdiction over Florida resort Walt Disney World based upon connections of parent corporation Walt Disney Company to Pennsylvania ).

⁴²⁰ See Rait v. Jacobs Brothers, 49 Misc. 2d 903, 268 N.Y.S. 2d 750 ( 1966 ).

⁴²¹ See

Kentucky: Mohler v. Dorado Wings, Inc., 675 S.W. 2d 404

( Ky. Ct. App. 1984 ).

New York: Berner v. United Airlines, Inc., 3 N.Y. 2d 1003, 170 N.Y.S. 2d 340, 147 N.E. 2d 732 ( 1957 );

⁴²² See

Second Circuit: Gelfand v. Tanner Motor Tours, Ltd., 385 F. 2d 116 ( 2d Cir. 1967 ).

State Courts:

New York: Guile v. Sea Island Co., Inc., 11 Misc. 2d 496, 66 N.Y.S. 2d 467 ( 1946 ), aff'd 272 App. Div. 881, 71 N.Y.S. 2d 911 ( 1947 ).

⁴²³ See

Third Circuit: Romero v. Argentinas, 1993 WL 416547 ( D.N.J.

1993 ).

Tenth Circuit: Afflerbach v. Cunard Line. Ltd., 11 F. Supp. 2d 1260 ( D. Wyo. 1998 ).

State Courts:

New York: Savoleo v. Couples Hotel, 136 A.D. 2d 692, 524 N.Y.S. 2d 52 ( 1988 ).

⁴²⁴ See

Sixth Circuit: Hughes v. Cabanas del Caribe Hotel, 744 F. Supp. 788 ( E.D. Mich. 1990 ).

Seventh Circuit: Wilson v. Humphreys, 916 F. 2d 1239 ( 7^th Cir. 1990 ).

⁴²⁵ See

First Circuit: Szafarowicz v. Gotterup, 1999 WL 782028

( D. Mass. 1999 )( Massachusetts may have jurisdiction over Cayman Island diving company if a significant amount of business was done in the U.S. ); Nowak v. Tak How Inc. Ltd., 1995 WL 521874 ( D. Mass. 1995 ).

Second Circuit: Mallon v. Walt Disney World Co., 42 F. Supp. 2d 143 ( D. Conn. 1998 )( continuous and extensive advertising in the forum, without contract formation, is sufficient to establish jurisdiction over foreign resort ); Begley v. Maho Bay Camps, 1994 WL 136016 ( E.D.N.Y. 1994 )( jurisdiction based upon newspaper ads and contact in New York City ).

Third Circuit: Weintraub v. Walt Disney World Co., 1993 WL 244064 ( E.D. Pa. 1993 )( advertising, staffing and customer relations activities sufficient to support jurisdiction ).

Fifth Circuit: Kervin v. Red River Ski Area, Inc., 711 F. Supp. 1383 ( E.D. Tex. 1989 )( solicitation of business sufficient for jurisdiction ).

Sixth Circuit: Raftery v. Blake's Wilderness Outpost Camps, 1997 WL 14795 ( E.D. Mich. 1997 )( advertising sufficient for jurisdiction ).

Seventh Circuit: Wilson v. Humphreys, 916 F. 2d 1239 ( 7^th Cir. 1990 )( advertising and contacts with local tour operators sufficient for jurisdiction ).

State Courts:

Connecticut: Stewart v. Air Jamaica Holdings Ltd., 2000 U.S. Conn. Super. 1107 ( Conn. Super. 2000 )( plaintiff fails to prove solicitation of business in Connecticut ).

⁴²⁶ See

First Circuit: Rosich v. Circus & Circus Enterprises, Inc., 3 F. Supp. 2d 148 ( D.P.R. 1998 )( advertising through travel guide and brochures insufficient contact ); Clark v. City of St. Augustine, Florida, 977 F. Supp. 541 ( D. Mass. 1997 )

( advertising in forum insufficient contact ).

Second Cicuit: Andrei v. DHC Hotels and Resorts, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4107 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 )( mere solicitation of business insufficient for jurisdiction ); Feldman v. Silverleaf Resorts, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1005 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 )( solicitation, regardless of how substantial, is insufficient to establish jurisdiction ); Lane v. Vacations Charters, Ltd., 750 F. Supp. 120 ( S.D.N.Y. 1990 )( ads and toll free number insufficient contact ).

Third Circuit: Poteau v. Walt Disney World Company, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12459 ( E.D. Pa. 1999 )( solicitation of business through travel agents insufficient to establish jurisdiction ); Romero v. Holiday Inn, Utrecht, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19997 ( E.D. Pa. 1998 )( advertising through franchisor's Worldwide Directory and making reservations through 800 number insufficient for jurisdiction ).

Fifth Circuit: Luna v. Compagnie Paramena de Aviacion, 1994 WL 173369 ( S.D. Tex. 1994 )( solicitation of business and 800 number insufficient ).

Sixth Circuit: Denham v. Sampson Investments, 997 F. Supp. 840 ( E.D. Mich. 1998 )( sending brochures to forum and reserving rooms at hotels insufficient contact ).

Tenth Circuit: Rainbow Travel Service, Inc. v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 896 F. 2d 1233 ( 10th Cir. 1990 )( jurisdiction based upon solicitation and contract formation in the forum ); Afflerbach v. Cunard Line, Ltd., 14 F. Supp. 2d 1260 ( D. Wyo. 1998 )

( national advertising and selling tours through travel agents insufficient contact ).

State Courts:

New York: Sedig v. Okemo Mountain, 204 A.D. 2d 709, 612 N.Y.S. 2d 643 ( 1994 )( mere solicitation insufficient ).

Texas: M.G.M. Grand Hotel, Inc. v. Lee Castro, 8 S.W. 3d 403 ( Tex. App. 1999 )( solicitation plus doctrine followed in

Texas ).

⁴²⁷ In Romero v. Holiday Inn, Utrecht, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19997 the Court incorrectly stated that " an Internet connection allows a consumer to contact a hotel chain for reservations directly and without charge. The distinction of using a computer hooked to a telephone/data line is not relevantly different from using a handset connected to that same line; one is in writing and one is by voice-a distinction without difference in this context ".

⁴²⁸ 2. See Travel Law, § 5.02, supra.

⁴²⁹ See Travel Law, § 5.02[1], supra. See also, Wade, Who's Afraid of Consolidators?, Practical Traveler, N.Y. Times, Travel Section, April 22, 1998, p. 4 ( " air consolidators...are companies that sell tickets, usually for trips overseas, at prices below those the airlines advertise. There is indeed nothing illegal about them, but there are perils to be aware of. Most problems can be avoided with three rules: work through a travel agent, use a credit card and, if the price is preposterously low, go elsewhere " ).

⁴³⁰ See Travel Law, § 5.03, supra.

⁴³¹ See Travel Law, § 5.04, supra.

⁴³² For a discussion of outside sales agents see Fee and Anolik, The Official Outside Sales Travel Agent Manual ( Travel Support Systems, Inc., Jupiter, Florida, 1996 )( " Until now, ' outside sales ' has been the standard industry expression attached to those who sell travel ' outside ' the agency's premises " ).

⁴³³ See e.g., F.T.C. v. Commonwealth Marketing Group, Inc., 1999 WL 816726 ( W.D. Pa. 1999 )( injunction obtained against telemarketing boiler room selling bogus travel services ); Cogswell, FTC and State Attorneys General Target Purported Travel Fraud, Travel Agent, June 8, 1998, p. 112 ( " On May 28 ( 1998 ), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that a federal judge had frozen the assets of CMG...on the grounds that (it was ) misleading thousands of consumers with false promises of free vacations...CMG used TV personalities Robin Leach and Ricardo Montalban to sell vacation cruises " ).

⁴³⁴ See Travel Law, § 4.10, supra.

⁴³⁵ See Travel Law, § 4.07[3][d], supra ( jurisdiction on the Internet ); see also, Bryant, Web Travel Shopping: The Surf Is Rising, N.Y. Times, Travel Section, May 3, 1998, p. 3

( " Travelers booked $827 million worth of reservations over the Internet last year...by 2002, on-line bookings of air fares, hotel rooms, rental cars and vacation packages will jump more than tenfold to $8.9 billion ( per year ) " ); Internet Gains Grounds As Travel-Scam Channel, Consumer Reports Travel Letter, July 1998, p. 145 ( " Scams continue to proliferate...and the Internet has now joined traditional mail and telemarketing as a channel for them " ); Edelson, ASTA Travel Scam Conference: Beware Of Fraud on the Web, Travel Agent, May 18, 1998, p. 119

( " ' The Internet is also the perfect medium for criminals. Anyone can put up a great-looking web site, and buying on the Internet is essentially sight unseen " ).

⁴³⁶ See e.g., Plutchok v. European American Bank, 143 Misc. 2d 149, 540 N.Y.S. 2d 135, 136 ( 1989 )( " the plaintiff received a postcard from Holiday Magic Travel Club, Inc...stating that he had been selected to receive a pre-paid luxury cruise plus hotel accommodations..." ); see also " Pros and Cons of Travel Clubs ", Consumer Reports Travel Letter, Vol. 13, No. 7, July 1997, pp. 153-155 ( " Those clubs sell some travel services directly; with other services, they resell some other organization's program...or provide ID that gets members a special price when they buy directly from some other supplier...Whether they promote by snail mail or the Internet, shady operators can easily assemble the ingredients of a conventional travel club. Half- price hotel directories are available at very lost cost. Any agency can find a source of consolidator air tickets, and any agency can set up a lowcost telephone based operation that rebates a portion of its commission " ).

⁴³⁷ See Travel Law, § 5.05, supra.

⁴³⁸ See Dickerson, The Licensing and Regulation of Travel Sellers in the United States, Aviation Quarterly, [1998]TAQ 47- 63, January 1998, p. 48 ( "...consumers need to be protected from increasingly complex, misleading and deceptive travel scams. Recently, the Federal Trade Commission [FTC] and the Attorneys General of California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin took legal action against a variety of travel scam operators. ' Travel has long been a fertile field for flimflam, but what had been a cottage industry has lately mushroomed into a growth industry...the FTC and the attorneys general of 12 states estimated the cost of travel related fraud at more than $12 billion a year...Travel fraud comes in many more packages than it used to ' " ).

See also: F.T.C. v. Commonwealth Marketing Group, Inc., 1999 WL 816726 ( W.D. Pa. 1999 )( telemarketers engaging in consumer fraud; violation of Telemarketing Sales Rule ).

⁴³⁹ Id.

⁴⁴⁰ See Travel Law, § 5.07(1), supra.

⁴⁴¹ See Travel Industry Act, Rev. Stat. Ontario, 1990, Ch. T.19, Ontario Reg. 806/93. The regulation of travel sellers in Ontario is administered by the Travel Industry Council of Ontario, 1200 May Street, Suite 1100, Toronto, Ontario, M5R 2A5, Canada. See also: Lipton, Compensation Funds And Bankruptcy Of Travel And Tour Operators In Canada, 2000 International Travel Law Journal 24.

⁴⁴² See Cordato, Australian Travel and Tourism Law, Third Edition, 1999, Butterworths, Chapter 12 ( " From late 1986, all travel agents in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia became licensed under a Travel Agents Act passed by their respective State Parliaments... Tasmania introduced a Travel Agents Act in 1987, Queensland introduced a Travel Agents Act in 1988...The Acts are similar in each State...( the Acts have three purposes ) 1. To set standards of experience and qualifications for members of the travel industry, in licensing requirements for travel agents and tour operators, and to set professional standards in management and marketing for travel agents. 2. To set continuing financial requirements for travel agents in conducting their business as travel agencies. 3. To protect the public's money by setting up a Travel Compensation Fund to compensate the public where the public's moneys has been lost through the default of a travel agent or tour operator." ); Atherton & Atherton, Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Law, LBC Information Services 1998, p. 265 ( " Australian travel agents are governed by the general law of agency as well as a special Australian-wide regulatory arrangement called the Cooperative Scheme for the Uniform Regulation of Travel Agents ( the Scheme ). The Scheme is designed to protect consumers by ensuring the competence, integrity, financial standing and business practices of travel agents and by compensating those consumers who nevertheless lose. There are two limbs to the Scheme: Licensing system for travel agents under uniform State and Territory legislation; Travel Compensation Fund..under the industry sponsored traveller compensation scheme " ).

⁴⁴³ See Israeli Business Law ( Kluwer, The Hague, 1997 ), Fosman, Chapter 15, Law of Tourism.

⁴⁴⁴ See Ikegami, Travel Agency Law In Japan ( unpublished paper

( 1998 ) by Assistant Professor Toshio Ikegami, Faculty of Law, Teikyo University, Toyko, Japan )(" In Japan travel agencies are regulated under the Travel Agency Law amended in 1995...The purposes of this Law are to maintain fair practices in the travel agency business, to promote security in travel and to increase travelers' convenience, by implementing a system of registration of persons operating a travel agency, ensuring their fair practices in business and encouraging proper activities of their organizations " ).

⁴⁴⁵ See Travel Law, § 5.02[10], supra, for a discussion of the E.C. Package Holiday Travel Directive of 1990. See also Grant and Mason, Holiday Law, 2d Edition ( Sweet & Maxwell 1998 )( discussion of tour operators and travel agents in the United Kingdom ); Yaqub and Bedford, European Travel Law ( John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1997 )( discussion of suppliers, tour operators and travel agents in the European Community ).

⁴⁴⁶ European Travel Law, supra, Chapter 6.

⁴⁴⁷ Id. Chapter 7. See also Storm and Hvelplund, Tourism And Travel Organiser Bankruptcy- The Danish Travel Guarantee Fund Act, Part One, The International Travel Law Journal, Issue Three 1998, p. 137 ( " The proposed legislation was intended to ensure that customers were guaranteed not only transport back to their home from the place of destination but also a refund of any money paid in advance " ).

⁴⁴⁸ .Id. Chapter 8

⁴⁴⁹ Id. Chapter 9.

⁴⁵⁰ Id. Chapter 11.

⁴⁵¹ Id. Chapter 12.

⁴⁵² Id. Chapter 13.

⁴⁵³ Id. Chapter 14.

⁴⁵⁴ Id. Chapter 15.

⁴⁵⁵ Id. Chapter 16.

⁴⁵⁶ Id. Chapter 17.

⁴⁵⁷ Id. Chapter 18; Holiday Law, supra.

⁴⁵⁸ See Neilan v. Value Vacations, Inc., 605 F. Supp. 1227

( S.D.N.Y. 1985 )( class of 8,000 travelers certified ); 116

F.R.D. 431 ( S.D.N.Y. 1987 )( partial summary judgment against escrow bank for mismanagement ); In Re Arrow Air, Inc., 85 Bankr. Rep. 886 ( S.D. Fla. 1988 )( global settlement approved ).

⁴⁵⁹ See e.g., E.A. McQuade Travel Agency v. Domeck, 190 So. 2d 3 ( Fla. App. 1966 )( cruise line out of business ); Slade v. Cheung & Risser Enterprises, Inc., 10 Pa. D.& C. 3d 627 ( Pa. C.P. 1979 )( cruise line out of business ).

⁴⁶⁰ See e.g.,

Second Circuit: Barkanic v. General Administration of Civil Aviation, 923 F. 2d 957 ( 2d Cir. 1991 )( two Americans killed in plane crash in China; damages limited under Chinese law to a maximum of $20,000 ).

State Courts:

Arizona: Wendelken v. Superior Court, 137 Ariz. 455, 671 P. 2d 896 ( 1983 )( slip and fall in Mexico during vacation; Mexican law limited wage loss damages to 25 pesos per day ).

But see

Third Circuit: Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc. v. Carlson, 1989 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4469 ( E.D. Pa. 1989 )( aircraft chartered by tour operator crashes in Kenya; under Kenyan law tour operator liable for torts of independent contractors; $3 million settlement of claims ).

⁴⁶¹ See Dickerson, Laws Leave Passengers Shipwrecked, National Law Journal, May 29, 1995, p. B9 ( " The unpleasant reality of modern-day cruising, however, is that passengers' rights and cruise ships' responsibilities are governed not by modern, consumer-oriented common and statutory law, but by 19^th century legal principals, the purpose of which is to insulate the maritime industry from legitimate claims of passengers " ).

⁴⁶² See e.g.,

Third Circuit: D'Amato v. Horizon Holidays, Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19120 ( D.N.J. 1997 )( slip and fall at Gatwick Airport while boarding bus; disclaimer enforced ).

Sixth Circuit: Sova v. Apple Vacations, 984 F. Supp. 1136

( S.D. Ohio. 1997 )( scuba diving accident during tour; disclaimer enforced ).

Seventh Circuit: Dow v. Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7290 ( E.D. Ill. 2000 )( tourists on Kenya safari assaulted and robbed at night while camping in Oloolo Escarpment in the Masai Mara reserve; disclaimer

enforced ).

Eighth Circuit: Catalano v. N.W.A. Inc., 1998 WL 777023

( D. Minn. 1998 )( hotel guest raped by employee during sailing excursion on a two person sunfish sailboat; disclaimer

enforced ); Rawlins v. Clipper Cruise Line, 1998 American Maritime Cases 1260 ( E.D. Mo. 1998 )( accident during shore excursion; disclaimer enforced ).

Ninth Circuit: Dubret v. Holland America Line Westours, Inc., 25 F. Supp. 2d 1151 ( W.D. Wash. 1998 )( accident during shore excursion; disclaimer enforced ); Ramage v. Forbes International Inc., 987 F. Supp. 810 ( C.D. Cal. 1997 )( accident during motorcoach tour; disclaimer enforced ).

Tenth Circuit: Brooks v. Timberline Tours, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 959 ( D. Colo. 1996 )( accident during snowmobile tour; disclaimer enforced ).

Eleventh Circuit: Bryant v. Cruises, Inc., 6 F. Supp. 2d 1314 ( N.D. Ala. 1998 )( fall down ship's stairwell; disclaimer enforced ).

State Courts:

Connecticut: Davies v. General Tours, Inc., 1999 Conn. Super. LEXIS 2387 ( Conn. Super. 1999 )( bus accident in Morocco; disclaimer enforced ).

Florida: Travent, Ltd. v. Schecter, 718 So. 2d 939 ( Fla. App. 1998 )( accident during bike tour; disclaimer enforced ).

Massachusetts: MacIntosh v. Interface Group, 1999 Mass. Super. LEXIS 3 ( Mass. Super. 1999 )( unruly tour participant removed from charter aircraft; disclaimer enforced ).

Minnesota: Powell v. Trans Global Tours, Inc., 594 N.W. 2d 252 ( Minn. App. 1999 )( tour participant leans on hotel rail and falls off balcony; disclaimer enforced ).

New York: Smith v. New Rochelle Travel Agency, Inc., 656 N.Y.S. 2d 340 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1997 )( tour participant jumps from ship during booze cruise and drowns; disclaimer enforced ).

But see:

Ninth Circuit: Courtney v. Pacific Adventures, Inc. 5 F. Supp. 2d 874, recon. denied 27 F. Supp. 2d 1223 ( D. Hawaii

1998 )( 46 USC 183c applies to scuba dive injury and prohibits releases for negligence ).

Eleventh Circuit: Turnbough v. Ladner, 1999 WL 1126591 ( D. Miss. 1999 )( scuba diving release not enforced ).

See also: Brown, Exculpatory Release: Can Scuba Diving Shops protect themselves from liability when United States Law is applied, 2000 International Travel Law Journal, pp. 42-49.

⁴⁶³ After decades of efforts to raise the liability limits of

the Warsaw Convention for death and physical injuries the D.O.T. approved an Agreement Relating To Liability Limitations Of The Warsaw Convention ( D.O.T. Order 97-1-2 ( January 10, 1997 ) whereby signatories accept " absolute liability up to 100,000 Special Drawing Rights and presumptive liability above that "

( Kriendler, Goodbye to Liability Limitations, New York Law Journal, February 20, 1997, p. 3 ).

⁴⁶⁴ See 46 U.S.C. § 183b. Physical injury claims must be filed within six months and sued upon within one year ( Denicola v. Cunard Line, Ltd., 642 F. 2d 5 ( 1^st Cir. 1981 )). As for non- physical injury claims much shorter time limitations may be enforced ( Anschul v. Sitmar Cruises, Inc., 67 F.R.D. 455 ( N.D. Ill. 1974 ), aff'd 544 F. 2d 1364 ( 7^th Cir. 1976 ), cert. denied 429 U.S. 907 ( 1976 )( 15 day notice of claim requirement enforced ). In addition, maritime law preempts state consumer protection laws regarding contract print size ( Lerner v. Karageorgis Lines, Inc., 66 N.Y. 2d 479, 484, 497 N.Y.S. 2d 894, 488 N.E. 2d 824 ( 1985 )( New York's consumer protection statute requiring consumer contracts to be in 10 point type preempted by maritime law ).

⁴⁶⁵ See Duvall v. Ritz Carlton Hotel, 946 F. 2d 418 ( 5^th Cir. 1991 )( jewelry theft at hotel; California hotel liability statute enforced ).

⁴⁶⁶ See Fontan de Maldonado v. Lineas Aereas Costaricenses, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 18,339 ( D.P.R. 1990 )( passenger denied entry because of no visa; airline tariffs disclaiming liability enforced ).

⁴⁶⁷ See Liberty Bank v. Bankamerica National Trust Co., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20999 ( S.D.N.Y. 1995 ); Neilan v. Value Vacations, Inc., 116 F.R.D. 431 ( S.D.N.Y. 1987 ); In re Arrow Air, Inc., 86 Bankr. Rep. 886 ( S.D. Fla. 1988 )( global settlement of Neilan claims ).

⁴⁶⁸ See Grigsby v. O.K. Travel, 118 Ohio App. 3d 671, 693 N.E. 2d 1142 ( 1997 ).

⁴⁶⁹ MacLachlin v. Marriott Corp., New York Law Journal, January 18, 1994, p. 29, col. 1 ( N.Y. Sup. ).

⁴⁷⁰ Id. In MacLachlin the Marriott Corporation operated an Honored Guest Program which gave the plaintiff a free vacation to the Cairo Marriott Hotel & Casino. In its capacity as a tour operator Marriott Corporation could be held to a higher standard of care under U.S. law. See also Grimes, If you fall off a camel, do you sue?, Conde Nast Traveler, June 1993, p. 26.

Compare: Paredes v. Princess Cruises, Inc., 1 F. Supp. 2d 87 ( D. Mass. 1998 )( tour operator may be liable for injuries sustained during ground tour in Egypt ).

⁴⁷¹ The tour operator's insurance company settled this action for, approximately, $850,000.

⁴⁷² Cornell University's Laboratory of Ornithology sponsored a birdwatching tour of Costa Rica. During the tour the Marenco Biological Station offered the participants a snorkeling expedition to El De Cano. Cornell's tour guides joined the tour participants and were present when one of the birdwatchers drowned. The liability of Cornell was premised, in part, upon a sponsor's liability ( see e.g., McAleer v. Smith, 860 F.Supp. 924 ( D.P.R. 1994 )( American Sail Training Association sponsored race in which sail trainees drowned when vessel capsized )); Glenview Park District v. Melhus, 540 F. 2d 1321 ( 7th Cir.

1976 )( park district sponsored canoe trip down river during which canoeist drowned ); Gottesfeld v. The Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies, Inc., 113 Misc. 2d 937, 448 N.Y.S. 2d 916 ( 1980 )( misrepresented tour for psychiatrists in Kenya )). At trial Cornell obtained a judgment in its favor. See Mayer v. Cornell University, Inc., 909 F. Supp. 81 ( N.D.N.Y. 1995 ), aff'd 107 F. 3d 3 ( 2d Cir. 1997 ), cert. denied 118 S. Ct. 68

( 1997 ).

⁴⁷³ See Maurer v. Cervenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 294, 890 P. 2d 69 ( 1994 ). Compare: Knoell v. Cerkvenik-Anderson Travel, Inc., 181 Ariz. 394, 890 P. 2d 861 ( 1995 )( student jumps to death from balcony after consuming alcoholic beverages for three days; negligent exposure to risk ).

⁴⁷⁴ See Wong Mee Wan v. Kwan Kin Travel Serices, Ltd., [ 1995 ] 4 All ER 745, 746.

⁴⁷⁵ See Philippe v. Lloyd's Aero Boliviano, 589 So. 2d 536 ( La. App. 1992 ); 710 So. 2d 807 ( La. App. 1998 )( judgment for defendants ).

⁴⁷⁶ See Dold v. Outrigger Hotel, 501 P. 2d 368 ( Hawaii 1972 )

( hotel overbooking as tortious breach of contract ).

⁴⁷⁷ See Touhey v. Trans National Travel, Inc., 47 Pa. D. & C. 3d 250 ( Pa. C.P. 1987 )( tour operator misrepresented hotel accommodations ).

⁴⁷⁸ See Barton v. Wonderful World of Travel, Inc., 28 Ohio Misc. 2d 6, 502 N.E. 2d 715 ( 1986 )( failure to investigate conditions at hotel 30 days prior to departure ); Touhey v. Trans National Travel, Inc., 47 Pa. D. & C. 3d 250 ( Pa. C.P. 1987 )( $25,000 in general damages ).

⁴⁷⁹ See Marcus v. Zenith Travel, Inc., New York Law Journal, November 19, 1990, p. 25, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. 1990 ), aff'd

178 A.D. 2d 370, 577 N.Y.S. 2d 820 ( 1991 )( travel agent has duty to keep informed on reports of financial instability of tour operator; must reveal all information relevant to travel

contract ); Odysseys Unlimited, Inc. v. Astral Travel Services, 77 Misc. 2d 502, 354 N.Y.S. 2d 88 ( 1974 )( failure to investigate track record of hotel in honoring reservations ).

⁴⁸⁰ See McFadden v. Staley, 687 So. 2d 357 ( Fla. App. 1997 )

( certification granted to class of sick restaurant patrons who consumed adulterated food during a four day period ); Reis v. Club Med, Inc., 81 A.D. 2d 793, 429 N.Y.S. 2d 127 ( 1981 ), appeal dismissed 54 N.Y. 2d 753 ( 1981 )( tainted water at Club Med village ).

⁴⁸¹ See Bentkowski v. Marfuerza Compania Maritima, S.A., 70 F.R.D. 401 ( E.D. Pa. 1976 ); D'Amico v. Sitmar Cruises, Inc., 109 Cal. App. 323, 167 Cal. Rptr. 254 ( 1980 ).

⁴⁸² See Dorin v. Club Med, Inc., Index. No: 4777/82 ( N.Y. Sup. 1982 )( consumer contracted typhoid fever at resort and sued, among others, her travel agent alleging failure to ascertain the need for medical shots prior to vacationing in Haiti ).

⁴⁸³ The Federal Department of Health and Human Services conducts and reports upon monthly sanitary inspections of cruise ships touching U.S. ports. These reports are available upon request.

⁴⁸⁴ See Trip Tour, Ltd. v. Zamani, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,425

( N.Y. Civ. 1989 )( travel agent failed to reveal the risks of using charter tour operators; failed to independently verify that air carrier would provide transportation as part of package

tour ).

⁴⁸⁵ See Klakis v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 73 A.D. 2d 521, 422 N.Y.S. 2d 407 ( 1979 ).

⁴⁸⁶ See Rodriquez v. Cardona Travel Bureau, 216 N.J. Super. 226, 523 A. 2d 281 ( 1986 ).

⁴⁸⁷ See Prechtl v. Travel House of Garden City, 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,182 ( N.Y. Civ. 1980 ), modified 17 CCH Aviation Cases 17,183 ( N.Y. App. Term. 1981 ).

⁴⁸⁸ See Fontan de Maldonado v. Lineas Aereas Costaricenses, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 18,339 ( D.P.R. 1990 )( tariffs insulated air carrier from liability for failure to advise passenger of need for vias ).

⁴⁸⁹ See Levin v. Kasmnir World Travel, Inc., 143 Misc. 2d 245, 540 N.Y.S. 2d 639 ( 1989 )( travel agent liable for failing to advise of need for vias to enter China ).

⁴⁹⁰ See McCartney v. Windsor, Inc., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1623

( E.D. Pa. 1996 ).

⁴⁹¹ See Elsis v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 1989 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 899 ( N.Y. Sup. 1989 ).

⁴⁹² See Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc. v. Carlson, 1989 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4469 ( E.D. Pa. 1989 ).

⁴⁹³ See Lyall v. Airtran Airlines, Inc., 2000 WL 1100845 ( E.D. Pa. 2000 ).

⁴⁹⁴ See Winter v. I.C. Holidays, Inc., New York Law Journal, January 9, 1992, p. 23, col. 4 ( N.Y. Sup. 1992 )( tourists injured in an accident in Mali involving a tour bus owned by an insolvent company and driven by an unlicenced and uninsured driver ).

⁴⁹⁵ See Elsis v. Trans World Airways, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,806 ( N.Y. Sup. 1989 ).

⁴⁹⁶ See Love v. Maritz, Inc., NO. CV 96-07104, Arizona Superior Court, Maricopa County.

⁴⁹⁷ See Varey v. Canadian Helicopters Limited, No: 95-13755-18

( Fla. Cir. Ct. Broward County ).

⁴⁹⁸ See Tourists Mutiny Over Holiday In Hell, Reuters, November 2, 1998.

⁴⁹⁹ See Fleming v. A.A.A., 2000 La. App. LEXIS 1761 ( La. App. 2000 ).

⁵⁰⁰ See

Third Circuit: D'Amato v. Horizon Holidays, Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19120 ( D.N.J. 1997 )( slip and fall at Gatwick Airport while boarding bus; disclaimer enforced ).

Sixth Circuit: Sova v. Apple Vacations, 984 F. Supp. 1136 ( S.D. Ohio. 1997 )( scuba diving accident during tour; disclaimer enforced ).

Seventh Circuit: Dow v. Abercrombie & Kent International,

Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7290 ( E.D. Ill. 2000 )( tourists on Kenya safari assaulted and robbed at night while camping in Oloolo Escarpment in the Masai Mara reserve; disclaimer

enforced ).

Eighth Circuit: Catalano v. N.W.A. Inc., 1998 WL 777023 ( D. Minn. 1998 )( guest raped by hotel employee during sailing excursion on a two-person sunfish sailboat; disclaimer enforced ); Rawlins v. Clipper Cruise Line, 1998 American Maritime Cases 1260 ( E.D. Mo. 1998 )( accident during shore excursion; disclaimer enforced ).

Tenth Circuit: Brooks v. Timberline Tours, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 959 ( D. Colo. 1996 )( accident during snowmobile tour; disclaimer enforced ).

Eleventh Circuit: Bryant v. Cruises, Inc., 6 F. Supp. 2d 1314 ( N.D. Ala. 1998 )( fall down ship's stairwell; disclaimer enforced ).

State Courts:

Connecticut: Davies v. General Tours, Inc., 1999 Conn. Super. LEXIS 2387 ( Conn. Super. 1999 )( bus accident in Morocco; disclaimer enforced ).

Florida: Travent, Ltd. v. Schecter, 718 So. 2d 939 ( Fla. App. 1998 )( accident during bike tour; disclaimer enforced ).

Massachusetts: MacIntosh v. Interface Group, 1999 Mass. Super. LEXIS 3 ( Mass. Super. 1999 )( unruly tour participant removed from aircraft; disclaimer enforced ).

Minnesota: Powell v. Trans Global Tours, Inc., 594 N.W. 2d 252 ( Minn. App. 1999 )( tour participant leans on hotel rail and falls off balcony; disclaimer enforced ).

New York: Smith v. New Rochelle Travel Agency, Inc., 656 N.Y.S. 2d 340 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1997 )( tour participant jumps from ship during booze cruise and drowns; disclaimer enforced ).

But see

Third Circuit: Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc.,v. Carlson Marketing Group, 1989 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4469 ( E.D. Pa. 1989 )( tour operator hired Kenyan air carrier to transport tourists; aircraft crashes and under Kenyan law tour operator is responsible for negligence of independent contractors ).

⁵⁰¹ See Dickerson, Tour Operators And Air Carriers: Modern Theories of Liability, Aviation Quarterly [ 1996-1997 ] TAQ 124

October 1996, p. 124.

⁵⁰² Pau v. Yosemite Park and Curry Co., 928 F. 2d 880, 883 ( 9^th Cir. 1991 )( bike rider killed in National Park ).

⁵⁰³ Bergonzine v. Maui Classic Charters, 1995 A.M.C. 2628 ( D. Hawaii )( crew failed to assist 350lb. passenger who broke ankle disembarking ).

⁵⁰⁴ See Elsis v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 1989 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 899 ( N.Y. Sup. 1989 ).

⁵⁰⁵ Glenview Park District v. Melhus, 540 F. 2d 1321 ( 7^th Cir. 1976 ).

⁵⁰⁶ See McCartney v. Windsor, Inc., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1623

( E.D. Pa. 1996 ).

⁵⁰⁷ Rovinsky v. Hispanidad Holidays, Inc., 180 A.D. 2d 673, 580 N.Y.S. 2d 49 ( 1992 )( bus accident in Spain ).

⁵⁰⁸ See Chan v. Society Expeditions, Inc., 123 F. 3d 1287, 1997 A.M.C. 2713, 2718 ( 9^th Cir. 1997 )( raft capsized in the surf in Tahiti ), pet. dismissed 118 S. Ct. 906 ( 1998 ).

⁵⁰⁹ See

Second Circuit: Passero v. DHC Hotels And Resorts, Inc., 1996 WL 931767 ( D. Conn. 1996 )( slip and fall on flotation mat at pool at Aruba hotel; brochure language " service from pre-trip to post-trip " is not a guarantee " that TNT on-site representatives will protect plaintiff from injuring herself under all circumstances " ).

Eighth Circuit: Catalano v. N.W.A. Inc., 1998 WL 777023 ( D. Minn. 1998 )( guest raped by hotel employee; brochure language

" Worry-Free Vacations " is " mere puffing...( and ) not a guarantee of no harm " ).

Eleventh Circuit: Bryant v. Cruises, Inc., 6 F. Supp. 2d 1314 ( N.D. Ala. 1998 )( passenger falls down ship's stairwell; tour operator did not guarantee a safe trip ).

State Courts:

Connecticut: Davies v. General Tours, Inc., 1999 Conn. Super. LEXIS 2387 ( Conn. Super. 1999 )( passenger injures ankle alighting from tour bus; language in brochure touting duties of tour escort " mere puffing and advertisement rhetoric and not a guarantee " ).

⁵¹⁰ Stevenson v. Four Winds Travel, Inc., 462 F. 2d 899, 907

( 5^th Cir. 1972 ).

⁵¹¹ See e.g.,

Ninth Circuit: Courtney v. Pacific Adventures, Inc., 5 F. Supp. 2d 874, recon. denied 27 F. Supp. 2d 1223 ( D. Hawaii

1998 )( scuba dive guide may be liable as agent for passenger's dive injuries; release rejected under 46 USC 183c ); Tancredi v. Dive Makai Charters, 823 F. Supp. 778 ( D. Hawaii 1993 )( scuba diver drowns; negligence in conducting dive )

State Courts:

Louisiana: Philippe v. Lloyd's Aero Boliviano,710 So. 2d 807 ( La. App. 1998 )( airline passenger sustained cerebral hemorrhage from faulty depressurization; judgment for

defendants ).

New York: Neville v. Anglo American Management Corp., 191 A.D.2d 240, 594 N.Y.S. 2d 747, 748 ( 1993 )( negligent supervision by chaperone )).

⁵¹² See e.g.,

First Circuit: Paredes v. Princess Cruises, Inc., 1 F. Supp. 2d 87 ( D. Mass. 1998 )( tour operator may be liable for tour van accident in Egypt ).

Third Circuit: McCartney v. Windsor, Inc., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1623 ( E.D. Pa. 1996 )( brochure states that tour operator is responsible for supplying motorcoach that has accident in England killing one passenger ).

Ninth Circuit: Shaw v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 798 F. Supp. 1453, 1468 ( D. Nev. 1993 )( " Delta's actions have effectively managed to equate Skywest with Delta in the minds of the traveling public " );

State Courts:

New York: Jacobson v. Princess Hotels International, Inc., 101 A.D. 2d 757, 475 N.Y.S. 2d 849 ( 1984 )( slip and fall at hotel ); Elsis . Trans World Airways, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,807-17,808 ( N.Y. Sup. 1989 )( tour described as " TWA

Getaway " ).

Texas: Casey v. Sanborn's Inc. of Texas, 478 S.E. 2d 234

( Tex. App. 1972 )( rental car accident in Mexico ).

⁵¹³ See

Connecticut: Davies v. General Tours, Inc., 1999 Conn. Super. LEXIS 2387 ( Conn. Super. 1999 )( brochure stated that

" Receipt Tours: our partner agency in Morocco will be happy to assist you since you are traveling with General Tours "; no evidence of a partnership or joint venture ).

⁵¹⁴ See e.g., Winter v. I.C. Holidays, Inc., New York Law Journal, January 9, 1992, p. 23, col. 4 ( N.Y. Sup. 1992 )

( tour bus accident; tour operator may be liable for selecting tour bus company that was insolvent ).

⁵¹⁵ See e.g.,

Third Circuit: Lyall v. Airtran Airlines, Inc., 2000 WL 1100845 ( E.D. Pa. 2000 )( travel and tour operator have duty to investigate safety record and select appropriate travel providers for their clients ); McCartney v. Windsor, Inc., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1623 ( E.D. Pa. 1996 )( tour operator and travel agent have duty to investigate safety record of British bus company ); Miller v. Group Voyagers, Inc., 912 F. Supp. 164 ( E.D. Pa.

1996 )( tour operator failed to reveal to consumers unsanitary conditions at one hotel and rash of thefts at another hotel ).

⁵¹⁶ See e.g., Grigsby v. O.K. Travel, 118 Ohio App. 3d 671, 693 N.E. 2d 1142 ( 1997 )( travel agent fails to disclose that tour operator not authorized to do business in the State ).

⁵¹⁷ See e.g., McAleer v. Smith, 860 F. Supp. 924 ( D.R.I. 1994 )

( sailboat trainees drown after vessel capsizes; sponsor had duty to select vessels which were seaworthy, properly manned and safe for racing ).

⁵¹⁸ See Coles v. Jenkins, 34 F. Supp. 2d 381 ( W.D. Va. 1998 ).

⁵¹⁹ See

Second Circuit: Passero v. DHC Hotels And Resorts, Inc., 1996 WL 931767 ( D. Conn. 1996 )( slip and fall on flotation mat at Aruba hotel; tour operator conducted proper investigation of hotel's safety record before selecting it for tour package ).

Third Circuit: Plinio v. Americana Aruba Beach Resort, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22107 ( D.N.J. 1998 )( slip and fall in bathtub in Aruba hotel; no proof of negligent selection of hotel by tour operator; no prior complaints ).

Seventh Circuit: Dow v. Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7290 ( E.D. Ill. 2000 )( tourist assaulted and robbed while camping during Kenya Safari; no duty to protect because of a lack of foreseeability ).

⁵²⁰ See e.g.,

First Circuit: Thomalen v. Marriott Corp., 880 F. Supp. 74

( D. Mass. 1995 )( negligent design of Murder Mystery Weekend tour during which participant was burned when fire-eating act exploded in flame ); McAleer v. Smith, 860 F. Supp. 924 ( D.R.I. 1994 ).

Third Circuit: Miller v. Group Voyagers, Inc., 1996 WL 32119 ( E.D. Pa. 1996 );

Fourth Circuit: Coles v. Jenkins, 34 F. Supp. 2d 381 ( W.D. Va. 1998 )( tour operator may be liable for selecting an unsafe highway for a bike tour during which participant was killed by legally blind driver ).

Seventh Circuit: Glenview Park District v. Melhus, 540 F. 2d 1321 ( 7^th Cir. 1976 ).

⁵²¹ See

Louisiana: Philippe v. Lloyd's Aero Boliviano, 710 So. 2d 807 ( La. App. 1998 )( failure to prove that tour operator exposed passenger to unreasonable risk of altitude illness ).

⁵²² See e.g., Elsis v. Trans World Airways, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,806 ( N.Y. up. 1989 ); Shaw v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 798 F. Supp. 1453 ( D. Nev. 1993 ); Walton v. Fujita Tourist Enterprises Co., Ltd., 19 CCH Aviation Cases 18,101 ( Minn. App. 1986 ).

⁵²³

See e.g.,

Seventh Circuit: Dow v. Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7290 ( N.D. Ill. 2000 )( tourists assaulted and robbed while camping in Kenya; tour operator did not assume duty to protect tourists from isolated, random acts of theft and assault ).

⁵²⁴ See Elsis v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 1989 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 899 ( N.Y. Sup. 1989 ).

⁵²⁵ See Jacob v. Greve, 251 Ill. App. 3d 529, 622 N.E. 2d 81

( 1993 ).

⁵²⁶ See Lachina v. Pacific Best Tour, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20157 ( S.D.N.Y. 1996 ).

⁵²⁷ See Cohen v. Heritage Motor Tours, 618 N.Y.S. 2d 384 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1994 ).

⁵²⁸ Touhey v. Trans National Travel, Inc., 47 Pa. D. & C. 3d 250 ( Pa. C.P. 1983 )( $25,000 pain and suffering damages ).

⁵²⁹ Vick v. National Airlines, Inc., 16 CCH Aviation Cases 18,404 ( La. App. 1982 )( $2,500 each of couple who suffered from missed flight ).

⁵³⁰ Semrod v. Mexicana Airlines, 22 CCH Aviation Cases 17,747

( D.N.J. 1991 )( overbooking; $3,000 awarded for intangible pleasure of a 24 hour vacation day ).

⁵³¹ See Pelegrini v. Landmark Travel Group, 165 Misc. 2d 589, 628 N.Y.S. 2d 1003 ( 1995 )

⁵³² See Das v. Royal Jordanian Airlines, 766 F. Supp. 169

( S.D.N.Y. 1991 )( passenger wait listed; $1000 for emotional distress inflicted upon passenger ).

⁵³³ See Dickerson, Class Actions : The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press, 1981-2000, p. 1-23.

" With the exception of Mississippi and Virginia, every state has enacted some form of rule of civil procedure which directly pertains to class action litigation. In addition, some states have enacted consumer protection statutes which set forth class action procedural rules applicable to cases arising from unfair and deceptive trade practices and/or false advertising. "

⁵³⁴ See Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

⁵³⁵ See Spaareboom, Class Actions Australian Directions, Phillips Fox 1997, Adelaide ( " Class actions are becoming an increasingly common feature of the Australian legal landscape...Example(s) ...are the US Dalkon Shield litigation, the silicon implant litigation both in the United States and Australia, and on the local front, peanut butter and NSW oyster actions...salmonella outbreaks..." )

⁵³⁶ The Province of Quebec enacted a class action statute in 1978. See Report on Class Actions, Ontario Law Reform Commission (1982) pp. 70-76.

⁵³⁷ See Sutherland v. Canadian Red Cross Society, 17 O.R. 3d 645, 21 C.P.C. 3d 137 ( Gen. Div. 1994 )( certification denied to mass tort brought by persons infected with HIV from tainted blood supplies ).

⁵³⁸ See Sullivan, A Guide to the British Columbia Class Proceedings Act, Butterworths, Toronto, 1997.

⁵³⁹ See Toteja v. British Airways, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17374

( D. Md. 1999 ).

⁵⁴⁰ 7. See Broin v. Philip Morris Company, 641 So. 2d 888

( 1994 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁴¹ See Koczara v. Wayne County, Index No. 99-900422, Wayne Cty. Cir. Ct., Michigan ( certification granted ); Schomer v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., Index No: 99-903531, Wayne Cty. Cir. Ct., Michigan ( certification granted ).

See also:

Ninth Circuit: Daniel v. Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited, 59 F. Supp. 2d 986 ( N.D. Cal. 1998 )( 25 hours flight delay; common law claims covered by Warsaw Convention ).

State Courts:

New York: Liechtung v. Tower Air, Inc., New York Law Journal, January 11, 1999, p. 34, col. 3 ( N.Y. Sup. )( flight misrepresented as " non-stop " stops over in Paris causing a 2 hour and 16 minute delay in arriving in Tel Aviv; certification granted ); Parra v. Tower Air, Inc., New York Law Journal, July 22, 1999, p. 30, col. 1 ( N.Y. Sup. )( class action alleging air carrier violated D.O.T. regulations [ 14 C.F.R. Part 250 ] in overbooking passengers dismissed as preempted by the Airline Deregulation

Act ).

⁵⁴² See Neilan v. Value Vacations, Inc., 605 F. Supp. 1227

( S.D.N.Y. 1985 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁴³ See e.g.,

District of Columbia Circuit: Adelman v. UAL, Inc., 25 CCH Aviation Cases 17,709 ( D.C.D.C. 1996 )( passenger's state law overbooking class action dismissed; no federal question jurisdiction ).

State Courts:

New York: Parra v. Tower Air, Inc., New York Law Journal, July 22, 1999, p. 30, col. 1 ( N.Y. Sup. ).

⁵⁴⁴ See Mendelson v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 18 CCH Aviation Cases 17,166 ( N.Y. Sup. 1983 )( overbooking; certification denied ).

⁵⁴⁵ See Musson Theatrical, Inc. v. Federal Express Corp., 25 CCH Aviation Cases 17,519 ( 6^th Cir. 1996 )( fraud claims dismissed as preempted by the Airline Deregulation Act ).

⁵⁴⁶ See Greeley v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 85 F.R.D. 697

( S.D.N.Y. 1980 )( air carrier misrepresents its liability for lost jewelry; certification denied ).

⁵⁴⁷ See Cruz v. American Airlines, Inc., 193 F. 3d 526

( D.C.D.C. 1999 ).

⁵⁴⁸ See In re Domestic Air Transportation Antitrust Litigation, 137 F.R.D. 677 ( N.D. Ga. 1991 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁴⁹ See In re North Atlantic Air Travel Antitrust Litigation, Index No: 84-1013, D.C.D.C.

⁵⁵⁰ See In re Airline Ticket Commission Antitrust Litigation, 25 CCH Aviation Cases 17,900 ( D. Minn. 1997 ).

⁵⁵¹ See Johnson v. American Airlines, Inc., 25 CCH Aviation Cases 17,269 ( Ill. App. 1996 )( claims not preempted by the Airline Deregulation Act ).

⁵⁵² See Howell v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 994 P. 2d 901 ( Wash. App. 2000 ).

⁵⁵³ See Blackner v. Continental Airlines, Inc., 311 N.J. Super. 10, 709 A. 2d 258 ( 1998 ).

⁵⁵⁴ See

Minnesota: Leonard v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 605 N.W. 2d 425 ( Minn. App. 2000 )( passengers challenge $75 reissue fee for booking a later flight on a nonrefundable ticket ).

Texas: Boon Insurance Agency v. American Airlines, Inc., 2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 2024 ( Tex. App. 2000 ).

⁵⁵⁵ See Chase v. Northwest Airlines Corp., 49 F. Supp. 2d 553

( E.D. Mich. 1999 ).

⁵⁵⁶ See

Second Circuit: Lehman v. USAIR Group, Inc., 1996 WL 391873 ( S.D.N.Y. 1996 ).

Fifth Circuit: Sigmon v. Southwest Airlines Company, 25 CCH Aviation Cases 18,116 ( 5th Cir. 1997 ).

Seventh Circuit: Statland v. American Airlines, Inc., 24 CCH Aviation Cases 17,603 ( 7th Cir. 1993 ); Kaucky v. Southwest Airlines Co., 25 CCH Aviation Cases 18,055 ( 7^th Cir. 1997 )

( claims dismissed; passengers seeking tax refund which can only be recovered from government ).

Ninth Circuit: Brennan v. Southwest Airlines Company, 26 CCH Aviation Cases 15,377 ( 9th Cir. 1998 ).

State Courts:

New York: Strategic Risk Management, Inc. v. Federal Express Corp., 686 N.Y.S. 2d 35 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1999 ).

⁵⁵⁷ See Blackner v. Continental Airlines, 311 N.J. Super.10, 709 A. 2d 258 ( 1998 )( claims dismissed as preempted by Airline Deregulation Act ).

⁵⁵⁸ See Neilan v. Value Vacations, Inc., 116 F.R.D. 431

( S.D.N.Y. 1987 )( partial summary judgment for class of passengers ).

See also:

Eleventh Circuit: In re Arrow Air, Inc., 85 Bankr. Rep. 886 ( S.D. Fla. 1988 )( global settlement of class action against charter air carrier, escrow banks and tour operator for

stranding of passengers ).

⁵⁵⁹ See Forde v. Anjoy Travel Ltd., 16 CCH Aviation Cases 18,134

( S.D.N.Y. 1982 )( changes in tour itinerary and hotel accommodations; certification denied ).

⁵⁶⁰ See Howell v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 99 Wn. App. 646, 994 P. 2d 901 ( 2000 ).

⁵⁶¹ See

Second Circuit: Petitt v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9403 ( S.D.N.Y. 1999 )( passengers become ill and require medical treatment ).

Third Circuit: Bentkowski v. Marfuerza Compania Maritima, S.A., 70 F.R.D. 401 ( E.D. Pa. 1976 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁶² See Hernandez v. The Motor Vessel Skyward, 61 F.R.D. 558

( S.D. Fla. 1973 ), aff'd 502 F. 2d 1278 ( 5^th Cir. 1975 ).

⁵⁶³ See In re Horizon Cruises Litigation, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7246 ( S.D.N.Y. 2000 )( punitive damages appropriate in Legionnaires Disease class actions ); Freeman v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 1994 WL 689809 ( S.D.N.Y. 1994 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁶⁴ See Stobaugh v. Norwegian Cruise Line Limited, 5 S.W. 3d 232 ( Tex. App. 1999 ).

⁵⁶⁵ See Mullen v. Treasure Chest Casino, LLC, 186 F. 3d 620

( 5^th Cir. 1999 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁶⁶ See e.g.,

Second Circuit: Desmond v. Holland America Cruises, N.V., 1981 A.M.C. 211 ( S.D.N.Y. 1981 )( port skipping; certification denied ).

Third Circuit: Casper v. Cunard Line Ltd., 560 F. Supp. 240 ( E.D. Pa. 1983 )( itinerary changes; certification denied ).

State Courts:

New York: Simon v. Cunard Line Ltd., 75 A.D. 2d 283, 428 N.Y.S. 2d 952 ( 1980 )( itinerary changes; certification

denied ); Yollin v. Holland America Cruises, Inc., 468 N.Y.S. 2d 873 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1980 )( port skipping; tolling ).

⁵⁶⁷ See Charleston-Coad v. Cunard Line Ltd., Index No. 95 Civ. 1325 (HB)( S.D.N.Y. ).

⁵⁶⁸ See Kornberg v. Carnival Cruises Lines, Inc., 741 F. 2d 1332

( 11^th Cir. 1984 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁶⁹ See Simon v. Cunard Line Ltd., 75 A.D. 2d 283, 428 N.Y.S. 2d 952 ( 1980 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁷⁰ See Casper v. Cunard Line, Ltd., 560 F. Supp. 240 ( E.D. Pa. 1983 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁷¹ See e.g.,

Second Circuit: Charleston-Coad v. Cunard Line Ltd., Index No. 95 Civ. 1325 (HB) ( S.D.N.Y. ).

Third Circuit: Donnelly v. Klosters Rederi A/S, 515 F. Supp. 5 ( E.D. Pa. 1981 )( dismissed; forum non conveniens ).

State Courts:

New York: Gottlieb v. March Shipping Passenger Services, 67 A.D. 2d 879, 413 N.Y.S. 2d 679 ( 1979 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁷² See Cronin v. Cunard Line Limited, Index No. 115899/96

( N.Y. Sup. May 20, 1997 )( complaint dismissed; time limitations in cruise contract enforced ), aff'd 672 N.Y.S. 2d 864 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1998 ).

See also:

Florida: Latman v. Costa Cruise Lines, N.V., 2000 WL 121896 ( Fla. App. 2000 )( certification granted ); Premier Cruise Lines, Ltd. v. Picaut, 746 So. 2d 1132 ( Fla. App. 1999 )

( certification appropriate ); Renaissance Cruises, Inc. v. Glassman, 738 So. 2d 436 ( Fla. App. 1999 )

( certification granted ).

Washington: Pickett v. Holland America Line, Index No. 39791-5-1 ( Wash. App. Feb. 20, 1997 )( time limitations governed by Washington consumer protection statute and not maritime law ).

⁵⁷³ See Cada v. Costa Line, Inc., 93 F.R.D. 95 ( N.D. Ill.

1981 )( certification granted in prior order; claims by class members who settled with cruise line dismissed ).

⁵⁷⁴ See Charleston-Coad v. Cunard Line Ltd., Index No. 95 Civ. 1325 (HB)(S.D.N.Y.).

⁵⁷⁵ See e.g.,

Third Circuit: Peters v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 966 F. 2d 1483 ( 3d Cir. 1992 )( train crash; settlement notice proper ); Sala v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 120 F.R.D. 494 ( E.D. Pa. 1993 )( train crash; certification granted );Daye v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 344 F. Supp. 1337 ( E.D. Pa. 1972 )( bus crash; certification denied ).

State Courts:

Indiana: In re: Train Collision at Gary, Indiana on January 18, 1993, 670 N.E. 2d 902 ( Ind. App. 1996 )( train crash ).

⁵⁷⁶ See Colligan v. Activities Club of New York, Ltd., 442 F. 2d 686 ( 2d Cir. 1971 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁷⁷ See Cotchett v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc., 56 F.R.D. 549

( S.D.N.Y. 1972 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁷⁸ See Daar v. Yellow Cab Co., 67 Cal. 2d 695, 62 Cal. Rptr. 724, 422 P. 2d 732 ( 1967 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁷⁹ See e.g.,

California: Lazar v. The Hertz Corp., 143 Cal. App. 3d 128, 191 Cal. Rptr. 849 ( 1983 )( certification granted ).

New York: Weinberg v. The Hertz Corp., 69 N.Y. 2d 979, 516 N.Y.S. 2d 652 ( 1987 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁸⁰ See People v. Alamo Rent A Car, Inc., 174 Misc. 2d 501, 664 N.Y.S. 2d 714 ( 1997 ).

⁵⁸¹ See Rental Car of New Hampshire v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 496 F. Supp. 373 ( D. Mass. 1980 )( certification granted in part ).

⁵⁸² See Wiener v. Avis Rent A Car, 318 So. 2d 565 ( Fla. App.

1975 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁸³ See Agosto v. Leisure World Travel, Inc., 36 Ohio App. 2d 213, 304 N.E. 2d 910 ( 1973 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁸⁴ See In re Federal Skywalk Cases, 93 F.R.D. 415 ( W.D. Mo.

1982 ), rev'd 680 F. 2d 1175 ( 8^th Cir. 1983 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁸⁵ See McFadden v. Staley, 687 So. 2d 357 ( Fla. App.

1997 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁸⁶ See Reis v. Club Med, Inc., 81 A.D. 2d 793, 439 N.Y.S. 2d 127 ( 1981 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁸⁷ See Joachim v. Crater Lake Lodge, Inc., 276 Or. 875 ( Ore. Sup. 1976 )( contraction of " crater lake crud "; certification denied ).

⁵⁸⁸ See Irving Trust Company v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 95 F.R.D. 51 ( S.D.N.Y. 1982 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁸⁹ See Smith v. Atlas International Tours, 80 A.D. 2d 762, 436 N.Y.S. 2d 722 ( 1981 ).

⁵⁹⁰ See King v. Club Med, Inc., 76 A.D. 2d 123, 430 N.Y.S. 2d 65

( 1980 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁹¹ See Dupack v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 79 A.D. 2d 568, 417 N.Y.S. 2d 63 ( 1970 )( summary judgment denied ).

⁵⁹² See Guadagno v. Diamond Tours & Travel, Inc., 89 Misc. 2d 697, 392 N.Y.S. 2d 783 ( 1976 )( certification granted ).

⁵⁹³ In re Hotel Telephone Charges, 500 F. 2d 86 ( 9^th Cir.

1974 )( certification denied ).

⁵⁹⁴ See In re Hawaiian Hotel Room Rate Antitrust Litigation, 438 F. Supp. 936 ( D. Hawaii 1977 )( consolidation of five class

actions ).

⁵⁹⁵ See Archibald v. Cinerama Hotels, 126 Cal. Rptr. 811, 544 P. 2d 947 ( 1976 ).

⁵⁹⁶ See F.T.C. v. Paradise Palms Vacations Club, Index No. C911160V ( W.D. Wash. 1981 )( advertising for resort time shares focused on availability of Hawaiian condos when only 20% of total time shares condos were in Hawaii ).

⁵⁹⁷ See Breslerman v. Dortem, Inc., 320 So. 2d 442 ( Fla. App. 1975 )( a portion of the leased condo recreation property was located beyond the mean high water mark; certification

denied ).

⁵⁹⁸ See Key Club Associates v. Shannon Hotel Group, Inc., 718 So. 2d 346 ( Fla. App. 1998 ).

⁵⁹⁹ See

California: Charpentier v. Los Angeles Rams, 75 Cal. App. 4th 301, 89 Cal. Rptr. 2d 115 ( 1999 ).

Ohio: Beder v. Cleveland Browns, Inc., 129 Ohio App. 3d 188, 717 N.E. 2d 716 ( 1998 )( certification granted ).

⁶⁰⁰ See Bickett v. Buffalo Bills, Inc., 122 Misc. 2d 880, 472 N.Y.S. 2d 245 ( 1983 ).

⁶⁰¹ See Skalbania v. Simmons, 443 N.E. 2d 352 ( Ind. App. 1982 )

( certification granted ).

⁶⁰² See Strauss v. Long Island Sports, Inc., 60 A.D. 2d 501, 401 N.Y.S. 2d 233 ( 1978 )( certification denied ).

⁶⁰³ See Castillo v. Tyson, 701 N.Y.S. 2d 423 ( N.Y. App. Div. 2000 ).

⁶⁰⁴ See Anderson v. Regents Of University Of California, 203 Wis. 2d 469, 554 N.W. 2d 509 ( 1996 ).

⁶⁰⁵ See Meachum v. Outdoor World Corp., 171 Misc. 2d 354, 654 N.Y.S. 2d 240 ( 1996 )( certification denied ).

⁶⁰⁶ See Shomberg v. Club Med, Inc., New York Law Journal, June 1, 1978, p. 10, col. 2 ( N.Y. Sup. 1978 )( certification

denied ).

⁶⁰⁷ See Reis v. Club Med, Inc., 81 A.D. 2d 793, 439 N.Y.S. 2d 127 ( 1981 )( certification denied ).

⁶⁰⁸ See Irving Trust Co. v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 95 F.R.D. 51 ( S.D.N.Y. 1982 )( certification granted ).

⁶⁰⁹ See Neilan v. Value Vacations, 605 F. Supp. 1227 ( S.D.N.Y. 1985 )( certification granted ).

⁶¹⁰ See e.g.,

Second Circuit: Irving Trust Company v. Nationwide Leisure Corp., 95 F.R.D. 51 ( S.D.N.Y. 1982 )( certification granted ).

Seventh Circuit: F.T.C. v. World Travel Vacation Brokers, Inc., 761 F. Supp. 68 ( N.D. Ill. 1991 ).

⁶¹¹ See e.g.,

Second Circuit: Forde v. Anjoy Travel, Ltd., 16 CCH Aviation Cases 18,134 ( S.D.N.Y. 1982 )( certification denied ).

State Courts:

New York: Spatz v. Wide World Travel Services, Inc., 70 A.D. 2d 835, 417 N.Y.S. 2d 62 ( 1979 ).

⁶¹² See Smith v. Atlas International Tours, 80 A.D. 2d 762, 436 N.Y.S. 2d 722 ( 1981 ).

⁶¹³ See Guadagno v. Diamond Tours & Travel, Inc., 89 Misc. 2d 697, 392 N.Y.S. 2d 783 ( 1976 )( certification granted ).

⁶¹⁴ See e.g.,

Second Circuit: Neilan v. Value Vacations, Inc., 116 F.R.D. 431 ( S.D.N.Y. 1987 )( failure to segregate consumer funds; partial summary judgment awarded ).

Third Circuit: MCA Travel v. Wilbur Savings & Loan, 94-CV- 5020 (JHR) ( D.N.J. Dec. 14, 1995 )( mismanagement of consumer deposits; certification granted ).

⁶¹⁵ See In re Arrow Air, Inc., 85 Bankr. Rep. 886 ( S.D. Fla.

1988 )( global settlement ).

⁶¹⁶ See Neilan v. Value Vacations, Inc., 21 CCH Aviation Cases 18,319 ( S.D.N.Y. 1989 ).

⁶¹⁷ See Dickerson, Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press, 1981-2000, Section 9.01[3][c]. Web Page at

http://members.aol.com/class50/index.html.

⁶¹⁸ See In re Domestic Air Transportation Antitrust Litigation, 137 F.R.D. 671 ( N.D. Ga. 1991 )( certification granted ).

⁶¹⁹ See Geelan v. Pan American World Airways, Inc. 15 CCH Aviation Cases 18,356 ( N.Y. Sup. 1980 ), aff'd 83 A.D. 2d 538, 441 N.Y.S. 2d 474 ( 1981 )( flight coupons equal in value to the money lost when consumers stranded ).

⁶²⁰ See In re Cuisinart Food Processor Antitrust Litigation, 1983-2 CCH Trade Cases 65,680 ( D. Conn. 1983 ).

⁶²¹ See Langford v. Bombay Palace Restaurants, 1991 US Dist. LEXIS 4730 ( S.D.N.Y. 1991 )( coupons could be redeemed at 30% of face value ).

⁶²² See Weinstein, " The Love/Hate Dynamics: Coupons Issued By Manufacturers " 71 Progressive Grocer 117 ( May 1992 ).

⁶²³ See Dunk v. Ford Motor Company, 48 Cal. App. 4th 1794, 56 Cal. Rptr. 2d 483 ( 1996 )( settlement of coupons redeemable for $400 off price of new vehicle approved; estimated coupon redemption by 65,000 creating a settlement value of $26 million unrebutted by objectors ).

⁶²⁴ See In re Cuisinart Food Processor Antitrust Litigation, 1983-2 CCH Trade Cases 65,680 ( D. Conn. 1983 ).

⁶²⁵ See Feldman v. Quick Quality Restaurants, Inc., New York Law Journal, July 22, 1983, p. 12, col. 4 ( N.Y. Sup. )( settlement provided for the issuance of food coupons with a minimum value of fifty cents, which defendants were required to keep issuing and distributing to consumers until the agreed upon face value of the settlement was reached ).

⁶²⁶ See e.g.,

California: Dunk v. Ford Motor Company, 48 Cal. App. 4th 1794, 56 Cal. Rptr. 2d 483 ( 1996 )( coupons redeemable for twelve months for $400 off purchase price of new vehicles ).

Illinois: Gordon v. Boden, No.9 CH 6531 ( Ill. Cir. Ct. Cook Co. July 14, 1995 )( vouchers providing cash refund of $1.32 upon submission of two proofs of purchase have a one year redemption period ).

⁶²⁷ See Branch v. Crabtree, Index No. 15822/89, N.Y. Sup. West. Cty. Oct. 31, 1995.

⁶²⁸ See In re General Motors Corp. Pickup Truck Fuel Tank Products Liability Litigation, 1995 WL 223208 ( 3d Cir. April 17, 1995 )( $1,000 coupons for purchase of truck; settlement of little benefit to class members but generated $4 million in legal

fees ).

⁶²⁹ See Dunk v. Ford Motor Company, 48 Cal. App. 4th 1794, 56 Cal. Rptr. 483 ( 1996 )( coupon settlement approved; fee application of $985,000 based upon a percentage of an estimated value of redeemed coupons of $26 million rejected; percentage method of awarding fees should only be used when common value is certain or an easily calculable sum of money ).

⁶³⁰ See Aburime v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., No. 3-89-402 ( D. Minn. Aug. 16, 1991 )( cash and $200,000 in non-transferable credit for travel ).

⁶³¹ See http://members.aol.com/travellaw/index.html

⁶³² See http://members.aol.com/class50/index.html